The 1994-1999 Attorney General litigation to recover some tiny portion of the taxpayers' money that had been spent for decades on cigarette costs did not just happen. Pro-tobacco apologists used to allege that tobacco is a financial BENEFIT to society!!
Cost analysis research was involved in refuting that claim. My October 1980 paper led the way. It showed over $130 billion dollars in damages to society from tobacco that year alone.
Now in 1999 [now, 2002] essentially everyone (including Attorneys General and the tobacco defendants) agrees that tobacco is a cost drain on society. What a major change since 1980!! when the opposite was being said nationwide
For example, data from the office of Michigan Governor John Engler says tobacco health care costs alone cost Michigan $800 million per year.
When I wrote the cost analysis, my intention was for more than getting cost recovery. I intended that the laws be enforced, e.g., the ones concerning illegal sales to children, the ones concerning deleterious products, and the mental health laws against people's behavior posing a danger to themselves and others, etc., examples of some of which are cited at the above website.
I am disappointed that two decades have gone by, yet the tobacco "holocaust" (the 1971 term used by the Royal Society of Physicians in its book Smoking and Health Now (London: Pitman Medical and Scientific Pub Co, 1971), p 9, to refer to the then mere 27,500 cigarette-caused deaths) is still in process, and the protective laws remain unenforced.
Even Michigan's MCL § 750.27, MSA § 28.216, the safe cigarettes' law, a smokers' rights law (the reight to a safe product that does not injure or kill when used as the manufacturers and sellers intend) remains unenforced, setting Michigan up for more tobacco-caused injuries, deaths, and costs now and in the future. Michigan could be an example to the nation, and world, and is missing the opportunity.
To this writer, the AG deal does not really do the job, was an 'enabling act' to continue tobacco-caused deaths, and misleads the public into thinking it might be effective at eliminating the tobacco epidemic. There was some challenge by some, e.g., by clients represented by California lawyer Donald W. Ricketts, Esq. Nonsmoker groups except in Pennsylvania (with Dr. Robert B. Sklaroff) generally decided to go along. Fortunately, Dr. Sklaroff decided to oppose the deal. Examples of materials from his case file are at the following webpages:
As the AG deal is quite defective, it was likely that others besides pro-health people would also challenge the AG deal. And such has occurred. On 19 August 1999, I learned that a law firm, Bennett & Fairshter, did in fact file suit on behalf of discount cigarette distributors to challenge and overturn the deal, and related legislation.
Bennett & Fairshter issued a statement to this effect:
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See also
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"A Public Health Analysis of the Proposed Resolution
of [the 1997 United States] Tobacco Litigation"
"The 'global settlement' with the tobacco industry: 6 years later"
A proper settlement should have enforced the cigarette control laws and rules. For example, we are all used to "speed limits." Cigarettes emit deleterious emissions that exceed the "speed limits" for toxic chemicals in the air. The AG deal should have enforced those limits. Cigarettes' toxic emissions above the legal 'speed limits' are due to cigarettes' inherently deleterious nature and ingredients. The U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW), Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, PHS Pub 1103, Table 4, p 60 (1964), lists examples of deleterious emissions (citing the numbers above the chemicals' 29 CFR § 1910.1000 "speed limts") including but not limited to:
Cigarette Chemical | Emission Quantity | |
acetaldehyde | 3,200 ppm | 200.0 ppm |
acrolein | 150 ppm | 0.5 ppm |
ammonia | 300 ppm | 150.0 ppm |
carbon monoxide | 42,000 ppm | 100.0 ppm |
formaldehyde | 30 ppm | 5.0 ppm |
hydrogen cyanide | 1,600 ppm | 10.0 ppm |
hydrogen sulfide | 40 ppm | 20.0 ppm |
methyl chloride | 1,200 ppm | 100.0 ppm |
nitrogen dioxide | 250 ppm | 5.0 ppm |
In this context, it is easier to understand why cigarette emissions are so fatal. The "speed limit" for carbon monoxide is about 100, whereas it's doing 42,000.
All cigarettes contain deleterious ingredients. In fact, medically, cigarettes are inherently dangerous. This fact has received judicial notice in cases such as Banzhaf v F.C.C., 132 US App DC 14, 29; 405 F2d 1082, 1097 (1968) cert den 396 US 842 (1969). The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress: a Report of the Surgeon General, Publication CDC 89-8411, Table 7, pp 86-87 (1989), lists examples of deleterious ingredients including but not limited to:
acetaldehyde (1.4+ mg) | arsenic (500+ ng) | benzo(a)pyrene (.1+ ng) |
cadmium (1,300+ ng) | crotonaldehyde (.2+ µg) | chromium (1,000+ ng) |
ethylcarbamate 310+ ng) | formaldehyde (1.6+ µg) | hydrazine (14+ ng) |
lead (8+ µg) | nickel (2,000+ ng) | radioactive polonium (.2+ Pci) |
Judicial notice of cigarettes' "inherent" deleteriousness was taken pursuant to an 1897 Tennessee law, in Austin v State, 101 Tenn 563; 566-7; 48 SW 305, 306; 70 Am St Rep 703 (1898) affirmed 179 US 343 (1900). The Michigan law specifying that only safe cigarettes can be manufactured, given away, and sold was passed soon thereafter, in 1909.
Thomas Edison exposed an aspect of the cigarette hazard in 1914. The cigarettes and cancer connection was published as long ago as 1925. The Michigan House of Representatives received a report on cigarette hazards over a century ago, in 1889.
"Are You Missing $omething?,"
"Smoking as hazardous conduct,"
"Alternative Models for Controlling Smoking Among Adolescents,"
26 Smoke Signals 4 (Oct 1980)
(discusses cigarette costs to society, following my practice of
consolidating in one narrative, data from a multiplicity of sources,
refuting the then notion that cigarettes are a cost plus to society)
86 N Y St J Med 493 (September 1986)
(discusses workplace smoking as already illegal
pursuant to OSHA's 29 CFR § 1910.1000 emissions limits,
which cigarettes regularly exceed)
87 Am J Pub Health 869-870 (May 1997)
(discusses prevention of smoking among children
by doing for them as for all other people:
a law providing that only safe products
be manufactured, given away, and sold)
With respect to Michigan's cigarette control law, designed to end cigarette harms to people, Michigan Governor John Engler and staff have been supportive of action to enforce it, issuing five pertinent memoranda.
Exec Order 1992-3 | Law Support Letter #1 | Anti-Cigarette Smuggling Finding | Law Support Letter #2 | Governor Engler's Overview |
You are urged to join with us at The Crime Prevention Group in getting the laws enforced. Even supportive politicans and officials need encouraging letters. If you live in Michigan, please join our letter writing campaign requesting enforcement of the Michigan cigarette control law, MCL § 750.27, MSA § 28.216, by writing to Governor John Engler and to Attorney General Jennifer M. Granholm, requesting enforcement. Also, please write to your legislators (senators and representatives) asking for
(a) enforcement of the law, and
(b) hearings on why the law has not been enforced.
Elsewhere, to help achieve the goal of reducing cigarette harm and costs to society, please use our proposed sample letter to write asking that your jurisdiction (assuming that it does not already have such a law) pass a similar law (only safe cigarettes are allowed, no unsafe ones). Write to your Governors, Attornies General, legislators, MP's, Senators, and/or Representatives, asking for them to work for such a law.
Another approach to help end the cigarette catastrophe is to stop cigarette advertising. See our handout for readers to distribute to advertisers.
There has been a record of governmental corruption so the allegations against the tobacco cartel have credibility.
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