| Welcome to the book Tobacco: Its Use and Abuse (1889), by Rev. John B. Wight. To go to the "Table of Contents" immediately, click here.
Tobacco pushers and their accessories conceal the breadth of tobacco effects, the enormity of the tobacco holocaust, and the long record of documentation. The concealment process is called the "tobacco taboo." Other pertinent words are "censorship" and "disinformation." Here is the text by Rev. John B. Wight of an early exposé (1889) of tobacco dangers. It cites facts you don't normally ever see, due to the "tobacco taboo." The phrase "tobacco taboo" is the term for the pro-tobacco censorship policy—to not report most facts about tobacco. As you will see, information about the tobacco danger was already being circulated in 1889, 75 years before the famous 1964 Surgeon General Report. |
by Rev. John B. Wight Of the South Georgia Conference (Columbia, South Carolina: L. L. Pickett Pub Co, 1889)
-3- PREFACE THE author has no apologies to offer for this book. It is the result of careful investigation extending over more than three years, and is written because light is needed on this question. Many persons consider tobacco a harmless luxury, and as such they do not scruple to use it. Is it so? The question arose, and the investigation was begun in order to answer it. The field was entered with an unprejudiced mind, for as a boy I used to look forward to the time when I should smoke as men do. As the investigation has proceeded the subject has grown; and what was once considered a harmless self-indulgence has developed into a question of great magnitude. In discussing the question no statement has been admitted which is not sustained by competent authorities. All has not been said that might be, and many authorities that could be cited have been left out because it has been thought useless to multiply them. If I have sometimes spoken strongly, it is because I have felt strongly, and because the facts justify it. This "use and abuse" of tobacco is a subject that is too little considered. Had I failed to speak what I believed to be the truth, conscience would reproach me; for I have not written for the pleasure there is in it, but because duty to my neighbor and to God demanded it. But it will be seen that the strongest statements are made by those who have studied the question, and have a right to speak. It is not the object of this work to present the use of tobacco as the greatest vice that we are addicted to as a people, nor its votaries as sinners above all other men. But that tobacco-using, as commonly practiced, is a vice, and that light is needed on this question, the author has endeavored to show. The tobacco-habit numbers among its votaries some of our best and most conscientious men, who, if they were convinced of its harmfulness, would discard the weed forever. The author hazards nothing in saying that when the effects of tobacco—physically, mentally, morally, and hereditarily—are better known there will be less of it used by thinking men—men who have a work to do, and desire the best condition of body and mind in which to do it. I know that some good men will be horrified that their idol should be so spoken of; and some bad men will cry that "now you want to take away our tobacco too." I know hat the work may be pronounced one-sided, extreme, fanatical, and the like, but knowledge of this has not caused me to swerve one iota from the course dictated by reason and conscience. I am aware that the work has many imperfections. Therefore all just, well-meant criticisms, though they may be severe, will be gladly welcomed; but such as come from a spirit of fault-finding, or are made after but a partial and prejudiced examination of the book, will fall on deaf ears. The different chapters of the work are interdependent, and no right conception of it or of the merits of the question of which it treats can be had unless considered as a whole.
The facts and testimonials here given have been gathered from many sources, and a number of persons have rendered kindly assistance. These have my heart-felt thanks. But I must especially acknowledge my indebtedness to
With these statements I send it forth, and with the hope that it may not be without its mission of good to some one.
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I The Uses of Tobacco. TOBACCO has its uses [Ed. Note: as insecticide], or else God would not have given it a place in the vegetable world. He did not create things by accident; and so when any thing was brought forth it was because it has its appropriate place to fill among the other works of creation. To deny this would be to charge God with a lack of wisdom. But an extreme must be guarded against here. Because tobacco has its place, it will not do to draw the inference that it is therefore to be used freely and unadvisedly. This often done. It would be as wise to reason that as God has created arsenic therefore arsenic can do no harm. Opium, strychnine, prussic acid, and the like have their uses; but they may also be abused. Another fact is evident. The place which to- bacco fills is not a very important one. It was unknown until Columbus found it among the natives of America, If it had been very important to the health and well-being of mankind, God would not have permitted the world to do without it for more than five thousand years, hut long before A.D. 1492 a Columbus would have been raised up, and the prows of the "Maria," the "Pinta," and the "Nina" would have pointed to the New World to discover this important plant. When first introduced into England and on the Continent, it was considered good for almost every thing. Edmund Gardiner, in his "Trial of Tobacco," 1610, asks: more readie at hand than tobacco?" Physicians prescribed it; and notwithstanding the opposition of King James I. and a few others, its use as a medicine and as a luxury quickly spread to all classes of people. It was new, and novelty always has its attractions. But the weed has grown old and familiar; its uses are now better understood, and many of the old illusions in regard to it have been dispelled. Its range is being narrowed. But, medicinally, tobacco is not without its virtues. [Ed. Note: a rare error, to have in 1889 cited tobacco as of any use at all!] As many as seventeen properties are ascribed to it. It is errhine, sternutatory, sialogogue, emetic, cathartic, expecto- rant, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, antispasmodic, nervine, stimulant, narcotic, anæsthetic, anaphrodisiac, parturifacient, and antiparasitic.* Dr. John Lizars [Ed. Note: but see his anti-tobacco book] says that dropsical swellings sometimes disappear under operations of this drug. It has been used with advantage as an injection in some cases of strangulated hernia; but where thus used its effects have so often been fatal that the best physicians now discourage its use for this purpose, especially as there are other remedies which are as efficacious, and much less dangerous. The cases in which tobacco can be used with advantage as a medicine, in preference to other medicines, are very few. [Ed. Note: none]. Dr. Grimsbaw says: also be used as a disinfectant, and as a destroyer of insects. Meta Lander says: "It is useful in destroying sheep-ticks and any creature that molests man. The vapor of tohacco-juice has been tested in France with great success as an insect-destroyer in hot houses, effectually disposing of thrips, scales, and slugs. It also scares away moths, carpet-bugs, and other vermin, and thus preserves furs and woolens."* There are prevalent a number of erroneous ideas in regard to the beneficial effects of tobacco, one or more of which is the excuse for probably the greater number of those who use it. Some of these are given. On this point the testimony of physicians is abundant and clear. A few authorities are given: Dr. Alcott says: "I have never known a dozen tobacco-users—my acquaintance has extended to
thousands—whose digestive organs were not in the end more or less Impaired by it. Dr. Mussey says: "It is a mistake to suppose that smoking aids digestion. The very uneasiness which it is desirable to remove is occasioned either by tobacco itself or by some other means. If tobacco facilitates digestion, how comes it that after laying aside the habitual use of it most individuals experience an increase of appetite and of digestive energy, and an accumulation of flesh [gain weight]?" Dr. Rush says: "It produces dyspepsia." Dr. Hosack says: "The recent great increase of dyspepsia among us is attributable in part to the use of tobacco." The Journal of Health says: "Most, if not all, of those who are accustomed to the use of tobacco labor under dyspeptic symptoms." Dr. Harris, of the New York Dispensary, says: "The functions of digestion and nutrition are impaired; and though in some cases tobacco may for a time appear to relieve irritability of the stomach, it eventually cripples and almost destroys the digestive powers."
To such testimony as this a person replies:
He is conscientious in this reply. He does not know that the weakness of which he complains is generally caused by the agent he takes to relieve it; for while tobacco, for the time, excites the digestive organs to increased activity, this is followed by their sinking below the normal. In this respect its effects are something like opium and alcoholic stimulants. And so it finally comes to the point where the digestive organs are so weakened that a stimulant is felt to be necessary in order that the stomach may perform the work which, in a healthy state, it would do without artificial assistance. In the "Confessions of an Old Smoker" we read:
There is no doubt that under certain conditions
tobacco has a soothing effect on the nervous system. Users of the weed know this very well, and they know too that they often feel the need of this nervine. Are its ultimate effects on the nerves good or bad? This is a question that should interest every one who either uses or expects to use it. Dr. [Samuel] Solly [1805-1871], surgeon of the St. Thomas Hospital, London, says, "I know of no single vice that does so much harm as smoking. It soothes the excited nervous system at the time, to render it more feeble and more irritable ultimately." Professor Kirke, in "Nerves and Narcotics," says:
Dr. Wright says: "I believe it to be the great antagonist of the nervous system, especially in its relations to the organs of sense, of reproduction, and of digestion."
(For a further discussion of the effects
of tobacco on the nervous system, see Chapters III. and IV.) Dr. Barrett, of Buffalo, says on this point: "Tobacco is undoubtedly antiseptic in the mouth but I am inclined to think the remedy worse than the disease. I am given to smoking myself, but it keeps the mouth in an unhealthy condition." Says Dr. Barnes, of New York: "Chewing tobacco removes particles of food, and smoking often adds a coating over softened portions, thereby rendering them less liable to caries. But we have plenty of remedies more cleanly and wholesome." He adds further: "To my mind the disadvantages greatly overwhelm the advantages." Dr. Lillebrown, of Boston, says: "Tobacco chewing, by causing a free flow of saliva, washes the teeth; but no benefit can ever secondarily compensate for the uncleanness of the habit." Dr. Chandler, of the Dental Department of Harvard University, says:
Dr. William A. Alcott, an eminent authority, says:
Suffice it to say that in this land, where water and soap and toothbrushes are abundant, there is no good excuse for using tobacco-saliva as a mouth-wash. The effect of tobacco on the mind is a very important consideration. Is it good or bad? This phase of the subject has been deemed worthy a
separate chapter, and the reader will find it discussed in Chapter IV. In talking once with a prominent minister, I learned a new (to me) reason for the use of tobacco; and that is that "tobacco checking the waste of tissue in the body, less food is required to be eaten to repair this waste, and therefore it is a friend to the poor man, in that the cost of living is thus diminished." This reason was a surprise in that I had been taught that whatever interferes with the normal action of nature, in a healthy state, is injurious. But the point was worthy of investigation, and here is what some good authorities have to say on the subject. Dr. [Benjamin W.] Richardson, in his "Diseases of Modern Life [New York: D. Appleton & Co, 1876]," says: "If smoking sustains the system longer without food, it does it by reducing the activity of all the organs, and therewith the organic power."Dr. John Ellis says:
Dr. Willard Parker says that free waste and repairs are essential hygienic conditions of health. He further says:
The following opinion of Dr. Cate seems to make this point clear:
If this argument of "preventing waste of tissue" is admitted as a reason for the use of tobacco, then it must also hold good in regard to opium and alcoholic liquors, which have the same property. Cost of Tobacco. THE history of tobacco is an interesting one. Columbus first found it among the Indians when he discovered America in 1492; and since then its use has extended to every important part of the world. Those who are interested in its history are referred to
Although tobacco has reached such an extensive use, it has not done so without opposition. More than two hundred and seventy years ago [British King] James I. wrote his "Counterblast to Tobacco," while popes have issued their bulls and sultans their edicts against it. In this opposition the fight has not always been made on the highest ground. Many who may read this know that when they have heard tobacco inveighed against the op- position has often been based upon the ground that it is a filthy and costly habit. These reasons have been sufficient to deter some; but others, believing that these are the only objections, have been unwilling to surrender a luxury from which they derive so much comfort. "Water is plentiful, and money is for nothing if not to be enjoyed," they reason; and there are many who will not dispute the validity of the conclusion. The use of tobacco is an uncleanly habit, and it is costly, and of course these points are not to be forgotten; but it is the purpose of this work to show that there are other and weightier reasons against its use. It will not, however, be an unfitting introduction to these other reasons to show something of the cost of tobacco. Edward P. Thwing, in his "Facts About Tobacco," gives the annual consumption of tobacco for the world as being four billion four hundred and eighty million pounds. Those who are "good at figures" can calculate what the money thus expended would do in building railroads, founding missions, alleviating suffering, and educating the masses. But we are especially interested in its cost to us of the United States. From the "Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue" we learn that for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887, the amount of manufactured tobacco and snuff returned for taxation (not including what was exported) was 206,499,521 pounds, an increase over the previous fiscal year of 14,907,281 pounds. For the same year there were manufactured and reported for taxation in the United States (not including those exported) 3,788,305,443 cigars and 1,584,505,200 cigarettes, an increase in both together over the previous fical year of 550,950,805. Suppose we estimate the average cost of tobacco and snuff to the consumer at sixty-five cents per pound, cigars at five cents each, and cigarettes at five cents per package of ten—all low estimates—we have the following result as the direct cost for last year:
These figures, be it remembered, simply represent the tobacco manufactured and used in the United States, and do not include what was imported and used here. For the same fiscal year there were 518,922 licensed dealers in manufactured tobacco in the United States.* But there are other items of cost that must not be forgotten. Joseph Bird, in his work "Protection against Fire," gives his careful observation for forty years in reference to fires. He says:
* This does not include 1,650 peddlers of tobacco, licensed for the same year.
An insurance agent says:
Meta Lander says:
Tobacco is said to make heavier demands upon the fertility of land than almost any other crop grown. General John H. Cooke, of Virginia, says:
Says a traveler: "The old tobacco-lands of Maryland and Virginia are an eye-sore—odious 'barrens,' looking as though blasted by some genius of evil." Meta Lander also says:
These are not insignificant factors. Every one who smokes wastes more or less time, which would otherwise be devoted to labor, reading, or some useful employment. The medical bills that are made necessary simply on account of the use of tobacco would surprise us if the facts could be known.* And then physicians who have closely
studied its effects on the system say that excessive users of tobacco shorten their lives, on an average, at least five years by its use. This cost is generally small in each individual case, but quite large in the aggregate.
The poor laborer with his clay pipe costing a cent, and the rich man with beautifully-colored meerschaum, alike contribute to swell the total here. And beside pipes there are many smoking conveniences and accessories which should not be overlooked. Meta Lander says on this point:
* James Parton [Smoking and Drinking (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1868), p 36].
The American Board Almanac gives a pictorial representation of some of the chief expenditures of the people of the United States during one year. Here are the figures without the picture:
The figures for tobacco appear large; but if to the $331,562,486.80 given on the basis of the "Internal Revenue Report," as the direct cost of tobacco, we add the tobacco and cigars manufact- ured but not "reported" for taxation, and the considerable quantity grown and used by the producer,* and also the large quantity of tobacco and cigars imported into the United States, then add to this the various incidental expenses connected with the production and consumption of tobacco which are given in this chapter, it would be hard to prove that six hundred million dollars does not fairly state the annual cost of tobacco to the American people. We complain that we are poor; but who can look at the first two items in the above table—tobacco and liquor—without wondering that we are not poorer? Stewards find it hard to collect money sufficient for the support of the ministry; a collection is taken for some benevolent purpose, and how meager is the amount received! Our Mission Boards have a hard struggle to meet the demands upon them. How often it is dollars for self-gratification, and cents for the spread of the gospel! Either the old adage "Actions speak louder than words" is untrue, or people love the
gratification of a useless appetite more than they love their God.
Though the cost of tobacco is not its greatest evil, is there not need for reform even on this line?
Physical Health as Affected by Tobacco. THE effects of tobacco on the faculties of body and mind is a question of interest, directly or indirectly, to all. On its effects—physical, mental, and moral—mainly hinges the question as to whether its use is to be approved or condemned. The unthinking, and even the thoughtful, user of tobacco is not always a competent judge of its effects upon himself. Therefore, in discussing the branch of the subject that relates to physical health and vigor, I shall adduce the testimony of many competent scientific men—physicians and others—who have observed and studied its effects. We acknowledge their authority on other medical and scientific questions; and, however much we would like to do so, we cannot refuse to hear them on this. ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. There are several elements which enter into the composition of tobacco, but the two most important in this connection are:
"Thus we have in tobacco two poisons—rather a remarkable effect in organic chemistry, where we generally find only one very active principle at the base of any particular production in the vegetable kingdom. It is indeed asserted by Lander that there is none of this deadly oil in the fresh leaves of tobacco; and Mr. Pereira remarks that the substance must be developed under the drying of the leaves under the influence of air and water. The discovery, if true, may free the weed from the charge of possessing a double poison; but the consequence is all the same to the consumer, who never sees the leaf in its green state.*____________ *Dr. [John] Lizars [M.D.] in "Alcohol and Tobacco," pp. 17, 18. Many experiments have been made to see what effect these poisons have on animal life. The results of some of those made by Mr. [Reuben D.] Mussey [1780-1866] are here given; his subjects were dogs, squirrels, cats. and mice:
Dr. Mussey further states that Dr. [Benjamin] Franklin [1706-1790] has ascertained that the oily substance which floats on the surface of water after a stream of tobacco-smoke has been passed through it is capable of destroying life in a few minutes when applied to the tongue of a cat.
Dr. [William A.] Alcott [1798-1859] gives a case which came under his observation:
[Matthieu J. B.] Orfila [1787-1853], in his "General System of Toxicology [(Philadelphia: M. Carey & Son, 1817), Vol. II, page 211]," has the following results of experiments, which also show the poisonous properties of tobacco:
Meta Lander says:
W. A. Axon says in the Popular Science Montlily that "the nicotine in one cigar, if extracted and administered in a pure state, would suffice to kill two men."
In the light of these facts it is not surprising that delicate persons, and especially children, are sometimes injured by being confined in rooms filled with tobacco-smoke, or by sleeping with a person who smokes. Dr. [Russell T.] Trall [1812-1877] is very pronounced in this view. He says: "Many an infant has been killed outright in its cradle by the tobacco smoke with which a thoughtless father filled an unventilated room.
Reasoning from analogy, does it not seem that what is a deadly poison to lower animals would be such to man? Does it not appear that the use of an article which contains such a deadly poison as nicotine would often bring on disease, and sometimes premature death? Some one may ask: "If this inference is correct, why is it that he who smokes a cigar or takes a chew of tobacco does not immediately die?"
The reasons [for adults' deaths being generally delayed] are not hard to give:
Analogous cases are numerous.
[Thomas] De Quincey [1785-1859], in his "Confessions," tells us that he finally reached the point where he could take eight thousand drops of laudanum per day. But because the system at length comes to tolerate, it must not therefore be inferred that the poison is not all the while doing its work in undermining the health. Arsenic and alcohol and opium, though tolerated for a time, finally bring disease and death in their wake. How is it with tobacco? Dr. Taylor, an eminent authority, in his work on "Poisons," says:
Medical testimony as to the injurious effects of tobacco is abundant. Dr. [Ray V.] Pierce says:
* "American Cyclopedia," art "Tobacco."
Professor Miller, of Edinburgh:
Dr. Woodard, after discussing the disease-producing tendency of tobacco and giving a list of ailments due to its use, concludes thus:
Dr. Willard Parker stands at the head of the medical profession in New York. He says: "I am sure that in health no one can use tobacco without detriment to body, mind, and soul. It is a poison which slowly but surely destroys life, and a man who uses it to any extent is as old at fifty as he would be at sixtv without it. In the "Report of the Surgeon-general of the United States Army for 1881," Dr. Albert L. Gihon, senior medical officer of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, gives an account of his careful observations of the physical development of the young. He has considerable to say of the effects of tobacco as observed on the students of the academy. Here is a paragraph from the report:
What are some of the physical diseases attributed in part to tobacco? Dr. O. M. Sanders, an eminent Boston physician, says:
Dr. Brown, of Providence, R. I., says:
Dr. Pierce, before quoted, says:
Dr. [John] Lizars [1787-1860], after citing several cases of tobacco-disease, says:
Dr. [Benjamin W.] Richardson [1828-1896] says:
The use of tobacco directly affects several important organs in the body, and produces disorders especially where there is a natural weakness in a particular organ, or a predisposition to the disease in question. Some of the more important of these are given. Some of the authorities already quoted have incidentally referred to the injury to sight by the use of tobacco. This has generally been in the form of amaurosis—"a loss or decay of the sight, without any visible defect in the eye, usually from loss of power in the optic nerve." It is but fair to the chewer to say that this disease is much more liable to occur from the use of the cigar than of the quid. A Boston medical journal says: "Tobacco-smokers must look to their eyes. Proofs are accumulating that blindness by atrophy of the optic nerve, induced by smoking, is of frequent occurence. A recent number of the Medical and Surgical Reporter gives several cases of defective vision caused from the use of tobacco. Dr. [John] Lizars [1787-1860] says that amaurosis is a very common result of smoking tobacco to excess. It occurs with or without congestion of the brain, and is commonly confined to one eye. It is usually, though not always, curable by throwing away tobacco forever. Chrisholm, in his report "On the Poisonous Effects of Tobacco on the Eye-sight" states that in the past few years he has treated thirty-five cases of amaurosis, directly traceable to the use of tobacco by smoking in every case but one.* Dr. [Charles R.] Drysdale [1829-1907], in "Tobacco and the Diseases it Produces," says:
Says Dr. T. F. Allen:
Germany, a nation of smokers, is proverbially a spectacled nation. Dr. [William A] Alcott [1798-1859] ascribes this as due, at least in part, to their smoking habits. Dr. William Dickinson, in the Central Christian
Advocate, says:
The effects of the use of tobacco on the stomach and digestive organs is very marked. And yet many use tobacco as an aid to digestion. As this object has been discussed in another place, the reader is referred to Chapter I., pp. 12-15. Dr. R. W. Pease, of Syracuse, says:
Every few days the newspapers tell us of some person, in apparent good health, who suddenly falls down dead, or dies in a few hours. Professor Sizer, of New York, in speaking of such cases, says the greater number of such are due to tobacco and other stimulants which excite the nervous system, on which the heart and other vital organs depend. He says that in such cases there is a spasm, a stoppage of the heart, and the man falls and usually never speaks; and that he could name fifty persons, since the death of Dickens and Henry J. Raymond, of the New York Times, who have gone that way. Furthermore he says he knows not a few who have felt the premonitions of heart-trouble, and giving up such stimulants have been free from it for ten, twenty, or thirty years. Sir Benjamin Brodie [1783-1862] says: "It powerfully controls the action of the heart and arteries, producing invariably a weak, tremulous pulse, with all the apparent symptoms of approaching death." Dr. [Amos] Twitchell says:
Dr. Corson relates the case of a smoker who, having suffered greatly for seven years, was one day seized with intense pain in the chest, a gasping for breath, and a sensation as if a crowbar were pressing tightly against his breast and then twisted in a knot around the heart, which would cease beating and then leap wildly, the heart being found to miss every fourth beat. For twenty-seven years similar though milder attacks continued, sometimes two or three times a day. He grew thin and pale as a ghost. At length he gave up tobacco, and in a few weeks the paroxysms ceased, he grew stout and healthy, and for twenty years has enjoyed excellent health.* A careful observation of the users and non-users of tobacco within the range of one's acquaintance will usually demonstrate the truth of this. Take the man who has been a long and excessive user of the weed, and, other things being equal, he will not
exhibit that strength and endurance that the abstainer does. He tires more quickly, he is more overcome at the end of a day's work, and he does not so readily recover his lost energies as the other. Make a fair trial, in cases where tobacco has had time to get in its work, and it will be seen what tobacco does for its votaries. The pugilist and oarsman, or any one who is training for a contest in which strength and endurance are put to the utmost test, recognize the truth of this. Hanlan, the world-renowned oarsman, said when in England: "In my opinion, the best physical performances can only be secured through the absolute abstinence from alcohol and tobacco. This is my rule. In fact, I believe that the use of liquor and tobacco has a most injurious effect upon the system of an athlete, by irritating the vitals and consequently weakening the system." Dr. W. F. Carver, the famous marksman, says: "I have never tasted intoxicating drinks, nor do I use tobacco in any form." James Parton [1822-1891], who is well known in the literary world, says in his "Smoking and Drinking:"
Meta Lander, in "The Tobacco Problem," has this:
On May 17, 1885, Dr. [T. De Witt] Talmage [1832-1902] preached in Brooklyn a sermon on "Cancers from Tobacco." In it he quotes from the late Dr. John C. Warren, of Boston, one of the most eminent surgeons of his day. Dr. Warren, as quoted, says:
Dr. Warren further says on this subject:
In substance Dr. Warren adds that
Dr. Lizars says:
The Medical Times and Gazette of October 6, 1860, mentions one hundred and twenty-seven cancers that were cut from the lips, nearly all being the lips of smokers.‡ Dr. Lizars [says]:
____________ * See "Facts about Tobacco," pp. 35, 36. † For a minute account of several cases of cancer of the mouth and tongue caused by the use of tobacco, see "The Use and Abuse of Tobacco," by John Lizars. ‡ "Facts about Tobacco," p. 37.
Dr. T. F. Allen: "Many smokers who are naturally bold and resolute lose their fortitude because they are unable to bear pain, are nervous m the society of others, and even afraid to be left alone at night."
Tyrrell: "The tobacco habit is one of those pleasant vices which the just gods make instruments to scourge us, destroying the very principle of manhood." The probable reason of this deficiency in manly courage is the weakening effect that tobacco has on the nerves—a subject discussed farther on. The following is from a communication in the Lancet [Issue #1746, p 178, 14 February 1857], by Walter Tyrrell, M.R.C.S.:
Dr. Lizars [says]:
In a communication to the Lancet [Issue #1746, pp 175-176, 14 February 1857], on the tobacco question, Dr. [Samuel] Solly [1805-1871], then surgeon of St. Thomas Hospital, says:
It would be well to note the fact referred to in the first part of the above quotation: that, while tobacco at first stimulates the generative functions, renders them unduly active, and therefore tends to licentious, it at length tends to depress them below the normal.* [Ed. Note: See, for example, Dr. Herbert H. Tidswell's similar 1912 reference, and the Surgeon General Report 1994 for similiar 'licentiousness' concept.] Thus there is a double danger on this line. These are very marked. One wants "to quiet the nerves" and he takes a smoke or a chew of tobacco; the brain is sluggish, and the same agent is resorted to. Unnder certain conditions tobacco does act as a sedative; and consequently when one has been under severe mental or nervous strain a cigar is a real comforter. It quiets the overworked organs; its effects are analogous to the action of morphia upon the body that is racked with pain. It also helps to soothe and drive away anxious care. This is no doubt the reason why so many men, and especially those of studious and contemplative habits of mind, are so wedded to tobacco. But, considered from this point of view
alone, more is lost than gained by its use. The person whose body is so deranged as to require the action of morphia to quiet the pain cannot do the work of a healthy man. The person whose brain and nerves are so upset as to require a sedative to restore them to their normal condition is not prepared to do the most and best work. Tobacco is a sedative, but its use brings about the very conditions that demand the use of such an agent. [James] Parton [1822-1891] says: "We waste our vital force; we make larger demands upon ourselves than the nature of the human constitution warrants; and then we crave the momentary, delusive, pernicious aid which tobacco and alcohol afford." Dr. [Elisha] Harris [1824-1884], physician to the New York City Dispensary, says: "The properties and effects of tobacco are of a curiously-mixed character. Its power or property of stimulation is strangely interwoven with its more important and predominating one of sedation, or depression. This complex and double action is peculiarly adapted to the work of fascinating and misleading those who submit themselves to its influence. exhilarates the feelings, and less able to endure its consequences and resist its power." Dr. Logee says: "Being a narcotic stimulant, it breaks down the nervous system, raising the user above his natural level, only by inevitable reaction to depress him below it." The New York Anti-tobacco Society attributes the alarming increase of consumption, dyspepsia, palsy, apoplexy, epilepsy, and the whole train of nervous diseases, in part, to the use of tobacco. Dr. Solly says: "It [smoking] soothes the excited nervous system at the time, to render it more irritable and more feeble ultimately. It is like opium in that respect; and if you want to know all the wretchedness which this drug can produce you should read the 'Confessions of an Opium-eater.' I can always distinguish by his complexion a man who smokes much; and the appearance which the fauces present is an unerring guide to the habits of such a man. I believe that cases of general paralysis are more frequent in England than they used to be, and I suspect that smoking tobacco is one of the causes of that increase." A writer well says: "Tobacco carries but a thin edge of enjoyment ahead, and a blunt edge of dull stupidity and crackling sorrow and nervous derangement behind." It is a generally-received opinion that delirium tremens is caused only by the use of alcoholic stimulants, but there are many well-authenticated cases where it could be assigned to no other cause than the use of tobacco. And this is not unreasonable, for delirium tremors is an affection of the nerves, and we see that tobacco has a very decided influence on them.* Very closely connected with the effects of tobacco on the nerves are its effects in inducing insanity. The brain and nerves are very closely connected, and whatever injures the latter must be of harm to the former. The effects of tobacco on the mind will be discussed in the next chapter, but, as insanity is of the nature of a physical ailment, place is made for it here. Physicians who have
been close observers of insanity and its causes speak plainly here. A member of the Paris Academy of Medicine says: "Statistics show that in exact proportion with the increased consumption of tobacco is the increase of diseases in the nervous centers—insanity, general paralysis, paraplegia and certain cancerous affections."
Good Health, a medical magazine, for December, 1869, contains the following: "Insanity is frightfully increasing in Europe—just in proportion to the increase in the use of tobacco. It appears that from 1830 to 1862 the revenues from the imposts on tobacco in France rose from £1,250,000 to £8,333,333 — certainly a tremendous figure to have disappeared from the pockets of the people into smoke. But hand in hand with this increase in the consumption of tobacco there appears to have been during the same period an augmentation in the number of lunatics in France from 8,000 to 44,000, or rather 60,000, if we take into account other lunatics besides those in public asylums." Of course other facts, such as the increase of population and the use of alcoholic stimulants, are to be considered in this comparison—all the increase of lunacy must not be attributed to tobacco. But I have never yet found an authority who denies that tobacco is a potent factor in filling our asylums. The superintendent of the Pennsylvania Insane Hospital says: "The earlier boys [Ed. Note: any youths] begin to use tobacco the more strongly marked are its effects upon nerve and brain." Dr. Kirkland, of the same hospital, says: "Six cases of insanity were clearly attributable to the use of tobacco." Dr. Harlow, of the Maine Insane Asylum, says: "The pernicious effect of tobacco on the brain and nervous system is obvious to all who are called to treat the insane." Says the superintendent of the New York Insane Asylum: "Tobacco has done more than spirituous liquors to precipitate mind into the vortex of insanity." Dr. Bancroft, for many years at the head of the Insane Asylum at Concord, N. H., says: "I have known several cases of insanity most unquestionably due to the use of tobacco, without other com- plicating causes, and which have been cured by the suspension of the habit; while the number in which it was prominent among the causes is much larger." Dr. Woodard, of the insane asylum, Worcester, Mass., says: "That tobacco produces insanity I am fully confident. Its influence upon the brain and nervous system is hardly less than that of alcohol, and if excessively used is equally injurious." The following interesting case is taken from [Thwing's] "Facts about Tobacco:" "A party of clergymen were discussing this subject when the case of Rev. Mr. Blank, a graduate of Andover of high standing and for a time wonderfully successful, was mentioned.'He was made a raving maniac twenty years ago by the use of tobacco,' remarked one of the party."Another gave his account of the man, whom he recalled vividly to mind, with his pale face, stained lips, repulsive breath, and quivering hand. The abject slave of tobacco, he chewed negro-head tobacco, a match for any man who has not the iron-like nerves of an African goat or horse. He preached about three years with unexampled popularity and success. His health then failed, and no one knew the cause. A few months rolled away, and he broke utterly down, and still no one knew the cause. In a few months he became a maniac, relinquished his pulpit, and was as wild as the wild man who was 'found cutting himself with stones among the tombs,' and no one knew the cause. He was then taken to an asylum for the insane, and was there twenty years. He there breathed a fetid atmosphere, paced the floor of confined halls, stared upon the outside world through iron grates, cursed himself, cursed his wife and children, and in his wild ravings 'dealt damnation round the land' thus day and night champing tobacco as a fretted horse champs his bit. Now we believe in no miraculous cure in this case. Mr. Blank dropped his tobacco, and the sad and dark eclipse fled from his beautiful mind, and it came out from the horrible tempests and storms of insanity clear as the sun and fair as the moon. He soon regained his health and vigor, again preached the gospel of the blessed God in the Presbyterian Connection, and after ten years of arduous service he died revered and beloved, and passed, as we believe, into the better world. AND RETARDS RECOVERY FROM IT. It is sometimes urged in favor of the use of tobacco that it is an antidote to disease. The same argument has been advanced for alcoholic stimulants; but experience has proved that the contrary is true in regard to them. In epidemics intemperate men (other things being equal) have been more subject to attack from disease, and have more quickly succumbed to it. And it would be strange if this were not so. Whisky weakening the vital organs, they cannot so easily resist the influences that tend to produce disease; and so the death-rate of the intemperate is proportionally greater, and the average duration of life less than in persons of temperate habits. As tobacco also weakens the vital organs, can we expect the result to be different with it? "Like causes produce like effects." But what say those who ought to know?
Dr. O. M. Stone, an eminent physician of Boston, says: The following, from an address by Dr. Willard Parker, delivered before the students of Union Theological Seminary, is worthy of note:
Dr. Fenn, after giving a case of typhoid fever in which, owing to the peculiar circumstances, the fatal result could almost certainly be attributed to the excessive use of tobacco, adds this statement: Dr. [Elisha] Harris [1824-1884] says: "The use of tobacco not only produces or originates various diseases, but greatly aggravates the symptoms of those which have their origin in other causes. It also hastens the development of the diseases to which by inheritance we are constitutionally predisposed, but which otherwise might have slumbered. Few things, except perhaps ardent spirits, excite those diseases more rapidly than chewing and smoking tobacco; and this is a powerful argument against the formation or continuation of those habits." Not that every excessive user of tobacco is a
The reason for this is not difficult to understand. The disturbance of the liver and biliary system generally is indicated by the sallow, dusky color of the complexion, which Dr. Rush associates with this indulgence. Thirst too, he says, is another result, the worst thing about which is this:
Here, then, comes the beginning of another temptation, noticed elsewhere—that of dram-drinking. Dr. Stevenson says that the salivary glands are
Dr. [R. D.] Mussey [1780-1866] says:
Dr. Woodward says: Professor Moses Stuart [1780-1852], of Andover, who was at one time himself a user of the weed, says:
Dr. Brown says: Dr. Stephenson says: Dr. [William A.] Alcott, in speaking of the tendency of the use of tobacco to drunkenness and licentiousness, says When the whole truth is known in regard to the close relation existing between tobacco, whisky, drunkenness, and licentiousness, it will be found that tobacco has some severe indictments to answer to.
They are numerous. The brilliant Senator Matt Carpenter had this said of him by a friend:
A few years ago Georgia lost one of her most brilliant men, whose reputation as an orator belonged to the whole nation, who fell the victim of a disease, one of the exciting if not the main cause of which physicians have ascribed to tobacco. Not long after this Mount McGregor, N. Y., witnessed the death of a man whose reputation as a soldier was world-wide.
Dr. Shrady, in his closing summary of General [Ulysses] Grant's death, says:
From a midnight revel Delmonico went to his house, and the next morning was found dead upon the floor." There are at least two dozen foreign substances that enter more or less into the manufacture of tobacco. Many of these are comparatively harm-
There are in New York and other large cities persons whose business it is to pick up from the streets and other places the castaway stumps of cigars, which are sold to manufacturers of cigarettes.
But there is another important question for the consideration of the smoker. It is from a corre-
Meta Lander says:
Here is a curious incident in this connection. It is related by Fairholt in his "Tobacco: Its History and Associations" [London: Chapman and Hall, 1859], p. 7, a book that is favorable to the use of tobacco.
Closely connected with this injury to the individual is the degradation of a whole people addicted to the use of tobacco.
No one would accuse James Parton of narrowness or prejudice on this question. In his "Smoking and Drinking" [Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1868], he says [at pp 48-49]:
The opinion of Mr. [Fulgence] Fiévée is to the same purpose. He says: "Admitting that other causes operated, tobacco has been one of the most influential. Spain is now a vast tobacco-shop, and its only consolation is that other nations are fast approaching its level. Tobacco, as the great flatterer of sensuality, is one of the most energetic promoters of individualism—that is, of a weakening of social ties. Its appearance coincides fatally with reform and the spirit of inquiry. Man Sir Benjamin Brodie [1783-1862], in speaking on the same subject says:
It is not hard to find an excuse for any habit, when one wishes to justify himself in a coveted indulgence. Here is one:
And then an instance is given of a person who lived a long time and was a constant user of the weed.
To attempt to justify the habit
An eminent physician says in regard to this that, George Trask thus disposes of the same plea, when the case of a smoker who had lived one hundred and four years was brought up. After making several inquiries in regard to the man he summed it up: "I think not."
"Well, well, your Simply on account of the almost universal ignorance of its harmful effects.
There is not one person in ten who has an idea of the injury the use of tobacco may bring about. A son sees his father using it, and this is sufficient proof to him that the habit is both harmless and manly. The father tells him no better, because he probably knows no better; and so a habit is acquired which soon gains the mastery over him.
Intelligent, well-informed men are often surprised when told that tobacco is
one of the most subtle of poisons. Physicians, from whom light should have come, have for the most part been silent; and not only this, many add the weight of their example in favor of its use.
James Parton [1868] gives an explanation of its use which is worthy of thought. He says:
Sometimes the use of tobacco is recommended by a physician for some ailment, and once begun its use is continued for the remainder of one's days. Granting, for the sake of the argument, that so powerful a drug as tobaoco should sometimes be smoked or chewed as a medicine, yet it should not be exempt from the rule of use that applies to other drugs. When a physician prescribes belladonna for an ailment, if it be the proper medicine it accomplishes the purpose for which it is used, and then its use is discontinued. But, if after sufficient trial, it does not effect a cure it is discontinued, because trial has shown that belladonna is not the remedy that is needed, and something is substituted for it. So it is with other drugs; so it ought to be with tobacco. But the truth is that when tobacco is thus prescribed, by the time the wisdom or unwisdom of the prescription is shown, it has often gained such a hold on its victim that he either cannot or will not give it up. The fact mentioned above, that physicians sometimes prescribe it [1889], deserves a word. Sometimes they do it wisely; I have known cases where it was done unwisely. It is not too much to say that when [in 1889] physicians prescribe tobacco they do not always know what they are doing. It may be there are some like the doctor who, having prescribed smoking in a certain case, was afterward called on to give the medical properties and value of tobacco. His reply was: smoking to make my opinion of the slightest value." And yet he prescribed it! Furthermore, a devotee of the weed is not always the best one to give an intelligent opinion as to whether or not tobacco should be used in a certain case. Physicians should be cautious before they recommend, and patients careful before they use as a medicine, so powerful and deceptive a drug as tobacco. While no one can use tobacco without more or less injury, yet it is true that some are injured more immediately, as well as more in the aggregate, than are others. The same is true of every other dissipation and abuse of the human constitution. Temperament, the amount of tobacco used, strength of constitution, and mode of life, are all factors which enter into the determination of the question. But, as a rule, who are most injured by it? Dr. W. A. Alcott (1836) says:
A person has used tobacco for five, ten, or twenty years, and he can see no harm it has done him; therefore the inference: "Tobacco is harmless." There is a disinclination to look at tobacco as we look at other poisons. It is a well known fact that the devotee of beer or whisky may sometimes drink for years with little apparent effect or injury to himself. But at length, when the constitution has resisted the encroachments of the poison until it is no longer able to hold out, the crash is often sudden and appalling. De Quincey, in his "Confessions" tells us that the happiest year of his life was after he had been using opium for several years. The exhilarating effects of the drug were felt; its depressing consequences came afterward, when the vital powers were no longer able to hold out under the strain, and the reaction was terrible. Alcohol and opium are "cumulative poisons," whose injurious effects are not quickly seen; but this fact does not make them any the less injurious. Tobacco belongs to the same class of poisons. One of the most eminent of Southern physicians, Thomas L. Maddin, says: "It rarely makes many tracks until it comes to these citadels* of life;" and another, from the North, equally eminent—Willard Parker—says: "The poison is slow, but in the second or third decade its virus becomes manifest." The words of the wise man [Solomon] in Ecclesiastes [8:11] are pertinent:
Let not the young and middle-aged, because they have not yet felt the evil effects of the use of tobacco, congratulate themselves too soon on their escape. The poison is working, it will finally tell—and
* He is speaking of the nerves. In discussing physical health and vigor as affected by tobacco the author has been careful to draw his testimony from reliable sources. The indictment against the weed is a strong one; on few subjects would it be possible to bring a stronger array of evidence. And yet the subject has not been exhausted. Only salient points have been touched, and much that might be said on minor questions has been omitted. The worst effects as here given would follow only on the excessive use of tobacco, and not every one [Ed. Note: 99½%] is an excessive user of it; but even moderation will bring a moderate degree of harm. The evidence is clear here—no user entirely escapes.
The question of physical injury, in short, resolves itself to this: If one wishes to blunt the sensibilities, and render himself partly oblivious to the flight of time; to make himself more subject to disease; and in the end to bring on premature old age and death—then tobacco will help him to accomplish these. If a man wants to retain as long as possible his elasticity and strength; to live the purest, cleanest, and to the best effect; if he has a work to do, and wants to do it quickly and well—then the less tobacco he uses the better it will be for him. IV. Effects of Tobacco on the Mind. IT is needless to affirm the close connection existing between the body and mind. It is well known that what detracts from the health and vigor of one tends to weaken the other. Pull down the body, and you at once knock the stays from under the mind. The mind is prepared to do its best work only when the body is in perfect health, and vice versa. In the last chapter we saw that the use of tobacco does injure the health, and renders the vital organs less able to perform their proper functions. Would it not be strange if this physical injury did not also extend to the mind? Furthermore, it is to be remembered that tobacco acts directly upon the nerves; and the user of the weed knows this, independently of the large number of physicians who have spoken. The nerves lead to the spinal cord and the brain, and no physiologist would venture to say that what unsteadies one does not injuriously affect the other. No mind can do its best work—no mind can do steady, reliable, rapid, long-continued work—when the nerves, which may almost be said to feed the mind, are in a flutter. Again, carry this nerve-disturbance to its greatest extent, and, go far as performing its proper offices is concerned, the mind is as helpless as a rudderless vessel in mid-ocean. Attention never having been directed to the subject, we might be inclined to doubt that tobacco ever dethrones, or even greatly injures, reason; but if the reader wants confirmation of the fact that it is a nerve-disturber, let him turn to Chapter III., and see what those who have studied the subject say about it; and then if he doubts that tobacco ever goes so far as to cause mania, he has there the testimony of men whose evidence he cannot doubt. But no reader of this ever expects to be an occupant of a mad-house; much less does he think of being driven there by the quid or the pipe. Does tobacco injure the mind to such an extent that, as a reasonable man, I ought to abstain from its use? In this question we are all interested.
The Dublin University Magazine says: mental power of many a boy is certainly weakened by tobacco-smoking. The brain under its influence can do less work, and the dreary feeling which is produced tends directly to idleness. For all reasons it is desirable that our rising generation should be abstainers from tobacco." The Scalpel, in speaking of the decay of the senses caused by the use of tobacco, says: "If there is a vice more prostrating to the body and mind, more crucifying to all the sympathies of the spiritual nature of man, we have yet to be convinced of it." Professor Hitchcock says: "Intoxicating drinks, opium, and tobacco exert a pernicious influence upon the intellect. They tend directly to debilitate the organs; and we cannot take a more effectual course to cloud the understanding, weaken the memory, unfix the attention, and confuse all the mental operations than by thus entailing on ourselves the whole hateful train of nervous maladies. These can bow down to the earth an intellect of giant strength, and make it grind in bondage like Samson shorn of his locks and deprived of bis vision. The use of tobacco may seem to soothe the Surgeon McDonald says: "I may mention a curious fact not generally known, but which requires to be tried only to be proved—viz., that no smoker can think steadily or continuously on any subject while smoking. He cannot follow out a train of ideas; to do so he must lay aside his pipe." Dr. Alcott says: "No class of men, as a class, think more tardily than old tobacco-mongers, especially chewers. One may well be astonished at the slowness of their intellectual movements—as if some mighty load were upon them pressing them down." That great thinker and observer, Lord Bacon, probably knew what he was about when he said: "O smoke is a secret delight, serving to steal away men's brains." "Tobacco is also a brain poison. It injures the brain and weakens the nerves. When much used it causes loss of memory. It makes many who use it peevish and dissatisfied when for any reason they are without it for a short time. Like the other narcotics, appetite for it grows stronger constantly, and the more the appetite is satisfied the worse is the tobacco-user's condition."* In an address before the graduating class of the law department of Wisconsin University Ex-senator Doolittle said: "I verily believe that the mental force, power of labor, and endurance of our profession is decreased at least twenty-five per cent. by the use of tobacco. Its poisonous and narcotic effects reduce the power of the vital organs and tend to paralyze them, while the useless consumption of time and money takes away twenty-five per cent. of the working-hours, if does not consume the same amount of the earnings." Dr. [William A.] Alcott says [on p 53]: "Nothing is more common than to hear old tobacco-chewers and snuff-takers complain of a bad or defective memory. Indeed, tell them beforehand that tobacco injures them, and they will not be apt to make the confession. But only take them when they are off their guard, and no acknowledgment is more common."
Professor Bancroft, Principal of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., says:
Richard McSherry, President of the Baltimore Academy of Medicine, says: "The effect of tobacco on school-boys is so marked as not to be open for discussion." A prominent teacher of Syracuse says:
The following facts are taken from an excellent pamphlet on the tobacco question by J. B. T. Marsh [1839-1887]:
Some have tried both sides, and are able to speak from experience. Of those who have spoken three are selected—not that they are exceptional cases, but because they are persons who are well known [in 1888]. James Parton, in "Smoking and Drinking [1868]," p. 51, gives his experience:
____________ * From the Globe, also the Dublin Medical Press.
Rev. P. S. Henson, D.D. [1831-1914], reared on a tobacco-plantation, was for more than twenty years "the most abject and inveterate of slaves" to his cigar. After a severe struggle he overcame the habit. He says:
Dr. T. De Witt Talmage [1832-1902], in his [17 May 1885] sermon on "Cancers from Tobacco" (heretofore referred to), says:
* Dr. Henson's "What I Know about Tobacco" is instructive. (National Temperance Society and Publication House, New York.)
It would be the utmost folly to deny that there have been useful and eminent men who have been consumers or tobacco; but it would be an absurd fallacy to draw the inference that tobacco does not injure the mind from the fact that there have been such men. And yet men do very often reason thus on this question, as well as on many kindred ones:
Honest men despise such a subterfuge, and are willing to look at facts in the light of reason. True, it is possible to rise to eminence, and still be a user of whisky or tobacco or opium or the victim of almost any other bad habit. But it is not saying too much to affirm that the slave of any of these (other things being equal) will not rise so easily or so rapidly, or maintain his eminence so long, as one who is free from all these habits. In the light of what has gone before, and guided by common sense, the conclusion is almost inevitable that any eminent user of tobacco would have been more eminent—would have been able to do more and better work—if he had been free from the habit. Denying this conclusion, the only alternative left is to declare that all who have testified to the harmfulness of tobacco do not know what they are talking about. Thinking men, who are unprejudiced, will not be able to do this. A quotation from Dr. [Orin] S. Fowler [pp 11-12] will close this chapter:
Heredity. IT has been shown by competent witnesses that tobacco is hurtful to body and mind. This being the case, another question arises here: Does this harm stop with the person who uses the tobacco, or, following the law of heredity, may it extend to one's children also? That there is abundant room for such inquiry no one who has carefully observed the laws of nature can doubt. 1. Victims of alcohol and opium have not the strength to generate children who are physically and mentally equal to the offspring of temperate parents; and furthermore it is observed that such children often seem to have a natural craving for the stimulant of their fathers. No one expects the child of an idiot to have a bright mind. The child conceived when one or both parents are in poor health, physically or mentally, cannot be expected to be the equal of the child of more favorable surroundings. Consumption, scrofula, insanity, and a dozen other diseases and idiosyncrasies of body and mind are transmitted. 2. The general law of heredity is that, unless there are helping or hindering circumstances, offspring will not rise far above or sink far below the level of their parents. Of course there may be occasional exceptions, but the close observer needs no argument to prove a rule that is written on the minds and bodies of every generation since Adam. Looked at in this light, the question is one of importance; for no person, however regardless he may be of self, should be willing to visit the result of his iniquities upon the innocent unborn of another generation. tobacco liable to be transmitted to my children? "
The appeal is again to those who have observed and studied the question. Dr. Hall: "The patient whose blood and secretions are saturated with tobacco, and whose brain and nervous system are narcotized by it, must transmit to his child elements of a distempered body and an erratic mind—a deranged condition of organic atoms, which elevates the animalism of future being, at the expense of the moral and intellectual nature." The following is from [Thwing's] "Facts about Tobacco": "Persons inheriting good constitutions, of laborious life in the open air, will manifest for years comparatively little conscious injury from their vices, while children born to them grow up from birth sickly, weakly, nervous, with hereditary taints, and sometimes epileptics and imbeciles! Says Dr. J. Pidduck in the Lancet [Issue #1746, pp 177-178, 14 February 1857]: "If the evil ended with the individual who by the indulgence of a pernicious custom injures his own health and impairs his faculties of mind and body, he might be left to his enjoyments—his 'Fool's Paradise'—unmolested. This, however, is not the case. In no instance is the sin of the father more strikingly visited upon his children than the sin of tobacco-smoking. The enervation, the hypochondriasis, the hysteria, the insanity, the dwarfish deformities, the consumption, the suffering lives and early deaths of the children of inveterate smokers hear ample testimony to the feebleness and unsoundness of the constitution transmitted by this pernicious habit." [Sir Benjamin] Brodie [1783-1862]: "This is a sin which affects the third and fourth generation." Dr. Richardson, in his "Diseases of Modern Life," gives it as his opinion that "if a community of youths of both sexes, whose progenitors were finely formed and powerful, were to be trained to____________ *The Tobacco Problem," p. 89. the early practice of smoking, and marriage were to be confined to these, a physically inferior race of men and women would be bred." The following, from [Lizar's] "Alcohol and Tobacco," [Ed. Note: and his 1859 elaboration] shows the extent to which the injury may go when the use of tobacco is begun in early life, and is carried to excess:
"If, however, he should have offspring, they are generally either cut off in infancy or never reach the age of puberty. His wife is often incapable of having a living child, or she suffers repeated miscarriages, owing to the impotence of her husband. If he have children, they are generally stunted in growth or deformed in shape, are incapable of struggling through the diseases incidental to children, and die prematurely.
"And thus the vices of the parent are visited upon the children, even before they reach the second or third generation. I have constantly observed that the children of habitual smokers are, with very few exceptions, im- perfectly developed in form and size, very ill or plain looking and delicate in constitution. The eminent New York physician, John Cowan, says: "Of all the harm done by the use of tobacco the greatest harm and the mightiest wrong is that of transmitting to the unborn the appetite for the filthy, disease-creating, misery-engendering drug." A writer in the "Tobacco Problem" says: "The men of the West are not only filling themselves with this horrid poison, but in numberless ways are____________ *[Lander's] "The Tobacco Problem," pp. 90, 91. transmitting the deadly influence to their offspring. How any man who knows that the condition of the parent influences for good or ill his offspring can become the father of children while his system is so dominated by this powerful narcotic that abstinence for twenty-four hours nearly sets him crazy I cannot conceive." Says the Journal of Science and Health: "There are Christian and temperance men who are trying to redeem the world from sin and drunkenness, yet who are begetting children so depraved in their physical organization that their desire for stimulants is almost impossible for them to resist." "An authentic account is given of the child of an inveterate smoker—a mere infant, whose stomach rejected food, and who was pining away for lack of nourishment. To quiet it, the father held a cigar between its lips. The babe greedily sucked it, and by means of the stimulus was able to take food. But this tobacco, for which it inherited so unnatural a craving, proved a necessity. It could not get on without it. I hardly need add that under its influence the child grad- ually became dwarfed and idiotic. 'The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge.' [Ezek 18:2; Jer. 31:29]. Are we doomed in the future to have a race of idiots?" Dr. Pidduck, before quoted in this connection, raises a pertinent question and answers it: "How is it, then, that the Eastern nations have not ere this become exterminated by a practice which is almost universal? The reply is that by early marriage, before the habit is fully formed, or its injurious effects decidedly developed, the evil to the offspring is prevented; but in this country, where smoking is commenced early and marringe is contracted late in life, the evil is entailed in full force upon the offspring. smoking may be tolerated, but for young men and boys it cannot be too severely reprobated."
For some time I have noticed the operation of this law in several families with which I am acquainted. I cannot say that my conclusions in each particular case are correct, for there may have been peculiar and unknown causes working to bring about the effects observed; but I do know that in several cases where children have been mentally and physically Inferior to their parents, the most probable and apparent cause has been the excessive use of tobacco on the part of one or both of the parents. I might give several cases, but one is sufficient for present purposes, and the reader can draw his own conclusions: The family consists of father, mother, and nine children. The father has been (he is now getting old) a strong, healthy, active man, who could could pick three hundred pounds of cotton per day.' He has a sound, though imaginative, mind. The quid or the pipe is his constant companion. His wife is a good average in health and strength, and also has a sound mind. Here the use of tobacco is mainly confined to snuff. Of the five boys (the youngest has nearly reached his majority) not one has the strength and endurance of his father, while not more than one of the girls is the equal of her mother. It would be liberal to say that in body and mind three of the nine reach mediocrity. Four of them are almost physical and intellectual dwarfs. I went to school with some of these, and am witness to the fact that with two of them the mastery of the multiplication table was a mental height to which they could not reach. When only a few years old they seemed to have a natural desire for tobacco. When the family credit was good I have known them to buy on an average two dollars' worth of tobacco per week, for they all used it. As a whole the younger children are inferior to the older ones in development. Several of these nine children have married, and it is a significant fact that almost, if not quite, half the children born to these parents have been still-born or have died in infancy. As stated before, other causes may have operated to bring about this unnatural state of affairs; but, in the light of all the facts, to deny that the use of so powerful a drug as tobacco has not had its inju- rious effects, when used in such quantities, would be the sheerest folly. The amount of harm that may be done to one's offspring by the use of tobacco is determined by circumstances. Other things being equal, the children of excessive users of tobacco are more injured than are those of moderate users; and where its use extends to both parents the evil is much aggravated. But the moderate user of tobacco cannot flatter himself that his children will escape the consequences of the sin of their father; for when God wrote that he would visit "the iniquity of the fathers upon the children," he made no exceptions.
It may be thought that it is going too far to class the use of tobacco, in this connection, as a sin; but who can look at it soberly and in the light of reason and put it on a higher plane? If the harm ended with the individual user, it might be classed otherwise; but when the health and happiness of unborn children are involved no person has the right to indulge any habit that will bring the least injury upon them. True, many good fathers—and mothers too—have used tobacco, and have died and gone to heaven unconscious of the suffering they have bequeathed to others. But when one's attention has been directed to this subject, to be guilty of it is an outright, unpardonable sin. Millions of children are to-day sufferers because their parents have been conscious or unconscious sinners. We need an enlightening and awakening along here; for, in the awful words of South, the children of the victims of this and some other bad habits are We sometimes hear parents bemoaning their sad lot because to take a dear one from earth to heaven;" and they comfort themselves with the assurance that he does all things well. There is comfort in such thoughts when afflictions come; the gospel of Christ furnishes a balm for bereaved and troubled hearts which nowhere else can be found. But the devotee of tobacco has no right to such comfort. When his children die young or, being spared, are doomed to drag out a puny, half-handed existence, let him not ascribe it to "God's will," but think of it as the legitimate result of his own self-indulgence. Here is sorrow where the sting is sharpened and comfort is taken away. VI. Tobacco and the Young. THE effect of tobacco upon youth is more and more becoming a serious consideration, because its use is rapidly extending among boys. To their credit it may be said that they do not very quickly take to chewing, but the cigarette is their delight. The extent to which tobacco in this form is coming to be used by boys (and even children) in our towns and cities is alarming. Scenes of cigarette-smoking, such as are now common in our streets, alleys, and play-grounds, were rare when our fathers were boys. Now in many of our towns the majority of boys over twelve years of age smoke, and some begin at a much earlier age. They generally commence to smoke where father and mother cannot see, for even the youthful conscience does not always sanction a habit that is recommended by the [bad] example of older persons. But they soon [develop brain damage, so] grow bold and become proud of [parading] a habit which at first they would conceal.  (pp 130-141) After seeing and hearing what I had, I was not surprised to learn that the town whose boys would not purchase any cigarettes which did not have these obscene pictures with them "has hardly a moral young man in it." "This is the most unkindest cut of all." Will parents and teachers and the ministry quietly submit? Ladies and Tobacco. THIS question is an important one to ladies, for 1 what concerns their husbands and sons concerns them. It would be well if they were interested no further than this—if women were themselves free from the tobacco-habit. But this can not be said. During the fiscal year ending June 30,1887, there were manufactured in the United States (besides what was exported) 6,561,778 pounds of snuff. This is used somewhere. As a Southerner my indignation has been aroused when the "snuffing" habits of our women have been held up to public gaze and ridicule. I wanted to deny it; but, having seen so much of it sold in our stores and used in the homes of the South, indignation had to give way to shame—not that its use is confined to the women of the South, for it is not. It is, however, probably true that more snuff is consumed in the South and gome portions of the West, in propor- (pp 144-151) believe themselves to be such, that they must choose between her and a cigarette, and that they cannot simultaneously enjoy smoking and her society? Has she taken occasion to intimate that, in her opinion, no gentlemen, truly so-called, smokes in the street? . . . The problem that Clarissa propounds can best be solved by her and her friends. Indeed, there are classes of offenders whose smoke can be staid only by stringent laws vigorously enforced. These may be described as 'persons in the form of man.' But that other large company 'who wear the garb of gentlemen' are amenable to the influences of Clarissa, and such smoke she and her sister sylphs can suppress." The Morality of the Habit. FIFTY years ago, had a promiscuous [Ed. Note: random] company of intelligent men been asked if they thought it any harm to drink alcoholic liquors in moderation, as a beverage, the greater part of them would have answered unhesitatingly in the negative. Since then a change has been going on, and the majority of such a company would probably now declare the other way. What is the secret of this change, and of the rise of an increasingly-strong temperance sentiment in our country? The reason is that since then attention has been called to the subject, people have been made to see the terrible evils of the traffic in and the use of whisky, and they have been taught that what tends to sin is sinful. Were a company like the above to be asked now if they consider the use of tobacco as involving any moral question, the greater part of them would reply in the negative. But does the use of tobacco involve a question of morals? The subject is worthy of consideration, however new it may be to us. To some who are unprejudiced on the subject, a decision will not be hard to reach. When they know the physical evils to which the use of tobacco subjects one; when they are told by good authorities that it interferes with the operations of the mind through its powerful action on the brain and nerves; when they are convinced that the harm does not stop with the user, but may extend to one's children and children's children—these questions being settled, all is settled. Were the evils of the habit only half so great as the best physicians tell us they are, even then a conscientious person would feel that in using tobacco he is committing a sin. The conclusion is inevitable. Men whose moral perceptions are clear do not excuse mental and moral suicide because it is slow, and at the same time condemn the man who shoots himself. Says some one: just as bad as one who does it suddenly." At a recent Methodist District Conference the question of arraigning before the Church members who will not contribute to the support of its institutions came up for discussion. A good layman, in speaking to the question, said: when every one of the jury has a pistol in his pocket." The same principle, modified, applies to the user of tobacco. It is very hard to convince him of its under dominion of [addicted to] the habit. It is remarkable what a hold tobacco takes on some persons. We marvel at the strength of the chains with which opium and whisky bind their victims; but in some cases it seems that the narcotic plant, tobacco, is almost as hard a master. "Alas! my brother, it is true, but I cannot help it," was the response. "Would you take that excuse from a sinner?" "I cannot answer you. I cannot leave it off; it is out of the question; I cannot! I feel what you say, but—"?* Furthermore, the mind seems disinclined to listen to any thing which would go to show that to-
(pp 156-169) The German artist Rethel has a painting representing the hand of death holding the scales in which the poor man's pipe and the king's crown are being weighed. Balanced against each other the pleasures derived from each are declared to be equal. It may be so; and in the momentary pleasure and satisfaction derived from his pipe the poor man may even sometimes have the advantage. If the present pleasure derived from the use of tobacco were the only consideration, then its use might be justified; and the same argument would justify opium and whisky and debauchery of every kind. Leave out physical, mental, and spiritual considerations on this and other questions, and where would we land? But the plea of pleasure will not do. Votaries of sin of every kind make it. But because it brings "pleasure" sin is no less sin, and no less surely will it be punished. In considering tobacco the question of its use is not to be determined by the standard. Take its cost to body and mind and children and soul, and then see if the good derived from it will justify this expenditure. The laws of God, and not the dictates of perverted appetite, should be the final arbiter. The Social View of the Question. TOBACCO is not without its social bearings. One of these is In our "land of the free" we are impatient of bonds. Does slavery still exist among us? The pulpit is constantly denouncing "slavery to sin;" sometimes we hear it remarked, "He is a slave to whisky;" more rarely it is said, "He is a slave to tobacco." The latter slavery is more common and more exacting than most votaries of the weed will believe. Evidences of this slavery are numerous and clear. A man arrested for stealing was questioned by the judge as to the motive for the crime. His answer was: "I have the misery to be a hopeless smoker. I smoke at waking; I smoke while eating; I cannot sleep without smoking till the pipe falls from my mouth. When I have no tobacco I am frantic. I cannot work or sleep or eat. I go from place to place raging like a mad dog. The day I stole the lead I had been without tobacco twelve hours. I searched the day through for an acquaintance of whom I could beg a pipeful. I could not, and resorted to crime as a less evil than I was enduring. The need was stronger than I!"He was seventy-two years old, and hitherto had led an irreproachable life. Said a deacon on his death-bed, as reported by Rev. Albert Sims: "I thank God that, as my last sickness has now come, I shall get rid of my hankering for tobacco!" He mentions another, a professed follower of Christ, on the verge of eternity, whose ruling passion for tobacco was strong in death. With her last words she asked for snuff. "Snuff, snuff; give me snuff!" I can name a clergyman who was enslaved by his snuff. He sometimes reproved a neighbor who was a drunkard. At length the drunkard said to him: "If you will give up your snuff, I will give up my rum." The bargain was made. But within forty-eight hours the clergyman was in perfect anguish (pp 174-189) and labor neither sought nor needed by women; enabling the smoker to be idle without growing weary of idleness; tending to take the ambition out of him, and to make himself happy when he should be miserable, and content when his divinest duty is discontent.' The troubles which men are benumbed by tobacco to bear contentedly are usually the very troubles that they need to resist and rise above. There is all possible difference between that Christian philosophy of life which summons us to master our ills and make things better, and that fumacious philosophy which bids us seek for stupefaction under them." Such is tobacco in some of its social bearings. Even here the proffered good [Ed. Note: e.g., "soothing"] is a delusion, and its evils are many. Woman, the queen of the social world, needs to give a lesson to many of her subjects. Will she? Chewing vs. Smoking.. NO doubt thequestion has already arisen in the mind of the reader as to which is the more harmful manner of using tobacco—chewing or smoking. It is needless to say that, as on almost every question, there is a difference of opinion. I have collected the opinions of several competent authorities, which give a fair idea of the views of those who have looked into the question. Dr. Lizars, in "Alcohol and Tobacco," says: "The chewer takes less of the oil, but more of the alkaloid;* the smoker, 1ess of the alkaloid but more of the oil. The comparison is simply a balance of evils, which is odious to either set of debauchees; and some get rid of the invidious comparison by taking the drug in both forms—a refuge from scientific doubt compensating for the greater amount of destruction to health and comfort. But if we are to believe Dr. Morris, the nicotianin is____________ *See page 37. (pp 192-195) Can the Tobacco-habit Be Mastered? CAN the habit be mastered? Yes. Can it be easily done? No. Many excellent men have thought themselves masters of the habit, believing that they could easily give up the use of tobacco at any time; but when they have come to lay it aside they have found that it has taken a stronger hold on them than they had suspected. Of those who boasted that they could "quit at any time" three-fourths have broken down in the attempt. After one has been using tobacco for some time the whole physical organism becomes permeated with it. At first rebelling against its introduction, which is shown in the sickening nausea and headache which tobacco causes, the system at length comes to tolerate, and even call for, its use.
The system has to undergo a change in order to accommodate this new and poisonous agent; but this being accomplished, its use becomes "second nature;" and so, when its use is discontinued, there must be another (pp 198-215) An Evil to Be Remedied. THE author has endeavored in a fair and candid manner to set forth some of the evils of the use of tobacco. I say "some of the evils," for it has not been attempted to enter into all the particulars, but only the chief objections to its use have been given, while many minor details have been left out. It will be time enough for these when people begin to see the evils of a habit that has fastened itself upon us, and is sucking the life-blood of the people. Tobacco is an insidious foe, which, under the guise of being a harmless solace and comfort, has done much to detract from our welfare as individuals and as a people. Being the handmaid of alcohol, tobacco has been able to get in its work in many places where brandy, beer, and whisky are disrobed of their glittering dresses, and are known in their true light as the destroyers of the bodies and souls of men. Alcohol has been recognized as a foe, and is being, driven back; but the fight cannot be completely successful so long as its chief ally is an honored guest in the temperance ranks The question arises: Has not this evil gone on long enough? Has it not caused enough physical suffering, and fed enough doctors, and shortened enough lives? Has it not drawn the sparkle from enough minds, and blunted the edge of too many intellects? Has not infancy suffered enough when, through the sins of the parents, it has brought babes into the world with shattered constitutions, and has sent them away to youthful graves? Time was when such charges would not have been believed. It has been so with other things. Whisky was once a common beverage, and the sideboards of clergy and laity alike were ornamented with the decanter and the wine-glass. These times of ignorance may have been "winked at," but it is so no longer. Physicians and scientific men have studied the properties and effects of tobacco, and they have given us the results of their investigations. The testimony to the harmfulness of the use of tobacco is so explicit, so positive, and comes from so many sources, that any one who is open to conviction cannot but see that it is far from being the harmless sedative which he has fancied it to be. It may be remarked that we of the South are not up with some other sections in light on this question. Hardly a word of intelligent opposition to tobacco is ever heard among us, and when one does lift his voice against it he is in danger of being considered "a little off" [Ed. Note: allusion to the 'tobacco taboo' - censorship of anti-tobacco data]. A correspondent of the Wesleyan Christian Advocate, in "Notes" of the session of a recent Annual Conference, wrote: but did not get in any public work." And these "cranks" may as well bear in mind that they will meet with other "note-takers" of the same kind, and many also who do not take notes. But it is comforting to know that they are not dangerous.
This backwardness among us is in striking contrast to what is seen in some other sections. More than once has Joseph Cook, in his Boston Monday lectures, been heartily cheered when he has raised his voice against the use of tobacco. A gentleman who is a Southerner by adoption, but whose mother lives in a Massachusetts town, once said to me that in visiting her he would not dare be seen on the streets while smoking, for such an act would be considered almost disgraceful. This, of course, is an exceptional, though not a solitary, case. Some of our Methodist brethren are ahead of us. In the "Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church" (North), page 338 (edition of 1884), there is the following:
Rev. Mr. Evans, presiding elder in the Central Illinois Conference, says: "I am glad to say that for about twenty years the Conference, at nearly every session, has adopted radical anti-tobacco resolutions, while the use of the weed has been uniformly denounced as expensive, filthy, injurious, and unchristian. The Conference refuses to admit any one addicted to the tobacco-habit unless a pledge of____________ *For further directions on this subject see Discipline ol 1884, pp. 60, 65, 95. abstinence be given; and it has also requested the bishop not to transfer to the Conference or appoint to the office of presiding elder any tobacco-user. The discussions of every year have served to make it more unanimous and radical in its action."* A few years ago the New York State Congregational Association unanimously adopted the following resolutions:
Two years ago the Christian Advocate, of Nashville, had the following editorial paragraph: "The Cumberland Presbyterian General Assembly condemned the use of tobacco by a vote of 113 to 23; and the Reformed Presbyterian Synod has reaf-____________ *Meta Lander. firmed its action, forbidding any one to be licensed to preach who uses tobacco, and also condemning the raising, manufacturing, and selling of tobacco, and advises sessions to appoint no Sunday-school teacher who uses the weed." At an annual meeting of an English anti-tobacco society the chairman stated that they had their most solemn protest against the growing use of tobacco." "That this meeting, impressed with a deep conviction of the physical, mental, and moral evils resulting from the use of tobacco, and regarding with a profound alarm and apprehension the rapidly-extending habit of smoking amongst the youth of our country, calls upon parents, Sunday-school teachers, members and ministers of Christian Churches, and all true patriots and philanthropists to discountenance the practice to the utmost by both precept and example." In speaking of the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church now (May, 1888) in session in New York, Dr. Howard Henderson, in a letter to the St. Louis Christian Advocate, says: growing feeling against the use of. tobacco is such that any aspirant to General Conference honors would find his prospects seriously embarrassed if he were addicted to the habit. A knowledge of this fact has wrought abstinence in a number of notable cases during the last year. No one of the bishops now use tobacco, and certainly no one could be elected to the Episcopacy if given to this out-lawed habit." So much for the stand that has been taken in other places. But while we of the South cannot say so much as to the sentiment among us against the use of tobacco, yet we are not entirely behind. Witness the testimony given in a previous chapter of five of the leading physicians of Nashville. The Savannah Morning News, one of the foremost dailies of Georgia, has several times recently called attention to this subject. In that paper, of May 6, 1888, there is an editorial article, "Legislating against the Cigarette," in which it says that it is about time something was being done to check this growing evil among us. In the same paper, May 21st, there is an editorial paragraph of the same import. All honor to this newspaper in entering the list against the cigarette, this foe to our youth and manhood. That something [ought] to be done to check this growing evil becomes every day more and more apparent. Some hope to accomplish it by legislation. A bill has recently been introduced into the Senate of the United States prohibiting the selling, giving, or furnishing of cigarettes or tobacco to minors under sixteen years of age in the District of Columbia; and Massachusetts law forbids the sale of tobacco to persons under sixteen years of age. These and other laws are good so far as they go. They may help by calling attention to the subject, but they cannot alone be depended on to correct the evil. As well expect a prohibitory law to prohibit where it is not sustained by public opinion, as to say "shall not" to a boy who knows no reason for the refusal. Some boys are so constituted that the very prohibition of the sale of cigarettes or tobacco to them is the chief reason why they want to smoke or chew. "Men smoke, why should not I?" So the youth reasons, and so he will act. Obstacles only make stronger the determination to do so, and he will have his tobacco. He may not buy his cigarettes openly, but in some way or other he gets them. The American boy is not a fool, and he is aot lacking in expedients. Such laws may decrease the use of tobacco by boys, but they will not stop it. Something more is needed. If along with the "shall not" you accompany the "why not," then good will be done; and of the two the latter will be much more efficacious in accomplishing the desired end. "Shall not," of itself, is no reason, and it often brings contempt on its author; but tell a boy that tobacco will do him no good, but will prevent him from reaching full development of both body and mind, will keep him from succeeding so well in life as he otherwise would, and will bring on premature old age and decay—convince him of these, and you surround him with barriers more effective than all the laws can furnish. If we must have "shall not," let us by all means have "why not" along with it. If this is done, parents and teachers will first have to acquaint themselves with the reasons against the use of tobacco. This should be done thoroughly. One great defect in all our teaching is the lack of knowledge on the part of the teacher; and the student is not slow to recognize this; and so he comes to despise both the teacher and the thing taught. The subject of the use and abuse of tobacco cannot be mastered in a day, as can no other subject worth mastering. Let parents and teachers learn, both by reading and by observation, and then let the subject be strongly impressed upon the minds of the young. Appeal to their reason and manhood, and in five cases of every six the appeal will be successful. And especially is it necessary that parents should acquaint themselves with this subject, for, unless the lesson is learned at home, in the greater number of cases it will not be learned at all. As a rule too much is left to be learned in the schools that should be taught around the hearth-stone. Again: If this teaching is to be effectual, the teachers must "practice what they preach." Boys will not listen to a lecture on tobacco from one whose lips are stained with tobacco-juice or whose breath smells of the cigar or pipe. If personal consideration will not induce men to give up tobacco, then consideration for the welfare and happiness of those about them should do so. When our religious teachers cleanse themselves, and pull the beam out of their own eyes, they can do much good on this line. They are constantly with the people, and ought to throw much light on this beclouded question. If some of the clergy think they will be compromising their dignity by opposing tobacco, let such remember that John Wesley and Adam Clarke did not think so when they raised their voices against it.* This question of the use of tobacco is worthy the consideration of the wisest and best among us. It is one that is big with consequences in determining the health and happiness of coming generations; and one that must be settled before the "Whisky Devil" is effectually bound. Tobacco to-day numbers its victims by the million. Will men continue to nurse the fetters which bind them? or, rising superior to a degrading appetite, will they declare that they have had enough of this tobacco-bondage?
Index. Adams, John Quincy, 204. Adulterations, 85. "Alcohol and Tobacco," 37, 57, 80, 121, 226. Alcott, Dr. W. A., 12, 19, 39, 53, 83, 99, 106, 107, 201. Alexander, Dr. S., 209. Allen, Dr. T. F., 53, 64. Allen, Nathan, 3. American Board Almanac, 33. "American Cyclopedia," 44. Antidote to disease, Not an, 77. Arbuckle, 3. Atchison, Dr. T. A., 139, 195. Axon, W. A., 41. Bacon, Lord, 106.
Cancers from tobacco, 60.
Clarke, Adam, 167. Coan, Dr, T. M., 134. "Confessions of an Old Smoker," 14. "Confessions of an Opium-eater," 43. Cook, Joseph, 218. Cooke, Gen. John H., 30. Corson, Dr., 57, 199. Cost and morality, 169. Cost of tobacco, 26. Cowan, Dr. John, 122, 167. Cox, Dr. S. H., 204. Dascomb, Prof., 205.
Edwards, Dr. Justin, 167.
"Facts about Tobacco," 15, 27, 63, 72, 75, 119, 175, 176,179, 210.
Gardiner, Edmund, 10.
Graham, Dr., 156. Grant, Gen. U. S., 84. Greeley, Lieut., 59. Grimshaw, Dr., 11. Griscom, Dr. J. H., 185. Hall, Dr. Marshall, 45, 118
Insanity, 72.
James, King, 145.
Kirk, Prof., 16.
Ladies and Tobacco, 143.
Maddin, Dr. T. L., 101, 194.
Mann, Horace, 135. Marsh, J. B. T., 109. 157, 182, 187, 189. Mastering the habit, 197. Maxon, Dr., 44. McDonaId, Dr., 106, 144. McSherry, Prof. Richard, 108. Meade, Prof., 182. Medical and Surgical Reporter, 52. Medical properties, 11. Medical Times and Gazette, 63. Methodist Episcopal Church, Position of, 219, 221. Miller, Dr. H. V., 135. Miller, Prof., 45. Mind, Effects on the, 103. Ministers and tobacco, 161. Moigno, Abbé, 210. Morality of the habit, 153. Muscular force impaired, 57. Mussey, Dr., 13, 38, 82, 181. Nashville Christian Advocate, 220.
Old tobacco-users, 92.
Parker, Dr. Willard, 3, 23, 46, 78, 101, 193.
Pipes, 32. Pleasure, Plea of, 170. Poisons, 43. Popular Science Monthly, 41. "Protection against Fire," 29. Quitting, Benefits of, 209.
Religious Intelligencer, 177.
Sanders, Dr. O. M., 48.
Talmage, T. De Witt, 60, 113.
"Tobacco and the Diseases It Produces," 53. Tobacco and the young, 129. Tobacco blunts moral perception, 154. "Tobacco Pest," The, 135. "Tobacco Problem," The, 35, 53, 57, 59, 72, 94, 120, 122, 155, 159, 186, 204, 226. Tobacco the rival of woman, 146. Tobacco victims, 84. Tobacco vs. decency, 180. Tobacco vs. temperance, 80, 167. Trall, Dr. B. T, 41, 213. Trask, George, 93, 212. Trying both sides, 111. Twitchell, Dr., 56. Tyler, Rev. Josiah, 157. Tryrrell, Dr. Walter, 64. "Use and Abuse of Tobacco," 63, 72.
Warren, Dr. J. C., 60.
Youth, Effects of tobacco on, 120.
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"In the same line is another fact which is a matter of history. In 1862 [French] Emperor Louis Napoleon [1852-1870] had his attention called to the phenomenon that there were more than five times as many