"Not long since a father told me that some years ago one of his boys began to smoke, and he kindly tried to persuade him to give it up. The boy replied, 'Father, our minister

smokes; the deacons smoke; the Sunday School superintendent smokes; my teacher smokes, and why not I?' So he continued smoking, and now, having ruined his constitution, his father is obliged to care for him.

"Another father recently wrote me, saying, "My little boy of nine came home last Sunday from school and said, 'Father, there is to be a sale at our school and the teacher asked us little boys to bring some cigarettes and make a parcel to sell.' Such cases make our work very difficult.

"After more than thirty years of temperance work with the young, I can call to mind but one boy that took to smoking who did not afterwards take to drinking. This question should be very prominent with temperance and Sunday School workers, for nothing robs them of their powers so much as tobacco. Their inconsistency is, in my opinion, the cause of their limited success. Yet in spite of all these obstacles, we are, without doubt, making progress in some directions."

"My conviction of the unmingled benefits accruing to the graduates of the Military Academy by the prohibition of tobacco is absolute. The character and amount of work has gained steadily and the number of non-smokers among the graduate officers of the army is surprisingly large, if the percentage among those serving at this institution is a fair criterion."

"Every person who shall smoke, or have in his or her possession any lighted pipe or cigar in any street, lane, or passage-way, or on any wharf, in said city, shall forfeit and pay, for each and every offence, the sum of two dollars."

"And, further, if any person shall have in his or her possession, in any ropewalk, or barn, or stable,

any fire, lighted pipe or cigar, the person so offending shall forfeit and pay, for each offence, a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars, nor less than twenty dollars."

There are clergymen that have had experience in this line who feel that the time a minister spends in a tobacco-region is virtually wasted.

"The raising of tobacco has cursed our fair valley. Hatfield, for instance, some twenty years ago the richest town in the State according to its population, early entered into the craze for gain through tobacco-raising. As a result nearly everyone has failed financially. But far worse,—our farmers, who once declared, 'I would cut off my right hand rather than engage in such business,' seeing their neighbors—at the outset—growing rich, gradually choked conscience and became absorbed in the traffic. This has demoralized the people and paralyzed the church. The spiritual death resting upon our valley may to a great extent be traced to this cause."

"While my old homestead in Hadley, Mass., lies on the Connecticut River, where the alluvial soil is particularly favorable for profitable tobacco crops, I have never allowed a plant of it to be raised on the farm. There is an extraordinary fact connected with the culture there, which is attested by intelligent residents of the town. Since 1855 enormous harvests of tobacco have been raised and carried off every year,—hundreds of thousands of pounds. Yet, by the working of some mysterious law, not one dollar can be found to show for it in all the property investments or scenery of the entire population."

"My statement was, I believe, literally and indisputably true, that the farmers of Old Hadley have, for a quarter of a century, been planting, raiding, and gathering tobacco as the principal crop of the soil; yet that there is in the whole town not one visible sign of improvement, enrichment, thrift, or prosperity to show for it. In all these respects the town, from end to end and side to side, has lost rather than gained. It is not strange that you are perplexed by a fact so paradoxical. So am I. The mystery has sometimes struck me as containing a silent judgment of God on the abuse of his ground."

"Take the land, the sunshine, the rain which God gives vou, and set them all at work to grow tobacco; throw this, as your product, into the world's market; buy with it bread, clothing, and shelter, books for yourselves, instruction for your children, consideration in the community, and perchance the gospel of grace; pay ever and everywhere, for the good you get, tobacco, only tobacco—tobacco, that nourishes no man, clothes no man, instructs no man, purifies no man, blesses no man; tobacco,

"that begets inordinate and loathsome appetite and disease and degradation, that impoverishes and debases thousands and adds incalculably to the burden of evil the world bears; but call not this exchange honest trade, or this gnawing at the root of social well-being getting an honest livelihood. Think of God's justice, the honesty he requires, and cover not your sin with a lie. Turn not His earth and air, given to minister to the sustenance and joy of man, into a narcotic, deadening life and poisoning its current, and then traffic with this for your own good."

quickens the respiration, and excites the muscular system; but its ultimate effect is general exhaustion. As administered in even the minutest doses, the results are alarming and in a larger quantity will occasion a man's death in from two to five minutes."

"I have cited thus fully from Taylor on Poisons, because he is a recognized authority in courts, and no one can charge him with being a temperance fanatic. The principles he has gathered and discussed in his book are constantly referred to, and are largely the guide of our judges in passing upon the questions of the liberty, life, and death of our citizens."

"If we wish at any time to prostrate the powers of life in the most sudden and awful manner, we have but to administer a dose of tobacco and our object is accomplished."

"The effect on the heart is not caused by direct action, but by paralyzing the minute vessels which form the batteries of the nervous system. The heart, freed from their control, increases the rapidity of its strokes, with an apparent accession, but real waste of force."

"The effect of tobacco on the glandular system is not less evil than on the nervous. If there is any tuberculous tendency, this enemy searches it out, excites it, and sends its victim to the grave by rapid stages. Whatever weak spot there is in the constitution, this insidious thief creeps into, mining and sapping about it until the fabric crumbles into dust. In some stages of its action, it excites the passions abnormally, and later they are deadened as unnaturally."

"The profession have no idea of the ignorance of the public regarding the nature of tobacco. Even intelligent, well-educated men stare in astonishment when you tell them that it is one of the most powerful poisons. Now, is this right? Has the medical profession done its duty? Ought we not, as a body, to have told the public that, of all our poisons, it is the most insidious, uncertain, and, in full doses, the most deadly?

"What a blessing it would have been to mankind if all men had shrunk from this plague of the brain as did the first Napoleon! One inhalation was enough. In disgust, he exclaimed, 'Ob, the swine! my stomach turns.'

"In the course of my practice I have met with many who, like myself, have abandoned smoking. I have never found one who does not assert most positively that he has been in better health since, and that his intellectual activity has increased. I may be mistaken, but I believe that our greatest men, statesmen, lawyers, warriors, physicians, and surgeons, have either not been smokers, or, if smokers, that they have died prematurely."

"When the tobacco is brought into the factory and carefully sorted, it is dipped in a solution of licorice and sugar, and passed between rollers which press it through the leaves, while the surplus juice runs back into the solution in which it was dipped. It is then dried; after which it is put into boxes about four feet long, and two deep, each layer of leaves being dusted with powdered licorice and thoroughly sprinkled with rum till the box is filled, then it is covered, and allowed to remain a few days until it becomes well soaked with the licorice and rum, and ready to work up for market."

"The properties and effects of tobacco are of a curiously mixed character. Its power or property of stimulation is strangely interwoven with its more important and predominating one of sedation or depression. This complex and double action is peculiarly adapted to the work of fascinating and misleading those who submit themselves to its influence."

"It titillates the nerves and exhilarates the feelings, while it obtunds and stupefies the sensibility, and partially suspends the process of life. The appetite which it creates is a never-ending gnawing that will not be denied; and under the most specious guise of absolute physical necessity, it hides its insatiate and cruel demands. Its sedative influence acts as a damper to the bustling excitability which the nervous system acquires from deficient or excessive action; while at the same time it affords fresh and fascinating excitement that for a long time makes one forgetful of weariness, and promises to relieve the tedium of life. There is no other substance known that can induce such complex and various effects; but the ultimate results are invariably the same. Its disastrous influences upon the functions of the nervous system and the action of the heart are felt throughout every tissue of the body; the blood

moves sluggishly, and as it stagnates in delicate organs, foundation is laid for every form of disease, while at the same time the poison of the drug is diffused through every tissue of the living frame, benumbing and impairing all the powers of life, so that the system is at once more liable to disease and less able to endure its consequences and resist its power."

"It is now many years since my attention was called to the insidious, but positively destructive effects of tobacco on the human system. I have seen a great deal of its influence upon those who use it and work in it. Cigar and snuff manufacturers have come under my care in hospitals and in private practice; and such persons cannot recover soon and in a healthy manner from cases of injury or fever. They are more apt to die in epidemics and more prone to apoplexy and paralysis. The same is true, also, of those who smoke or chew much."

"The use of this weed is particularly injurious to studious men of sedentary habits. The odor infects their clothing, study, and books, so that they live and breathe in a noxious atmosphere. The poison is slow, but in the second or third decade its virus becomes manifest. The words of the wise man,

'Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil' [Eccl 8:12],

are strikingly applicable to those who indulge in this pernicious habit. There have died in New York within a few years three excellent clergymen, all of whom might now have been alive had they not used tobacco. The duty of abstaining from the slow killing of one's self by this poison is as clear as the duty of not cutting one's throat."

"Tobacco is doing more harm in the world than

rum. It is destroying our race, and it is sure to destroy the farms producing it also, as it has done some of the best land in Virginia."

"I have known him to smoke as many as a hundred cigars a day. He was completely saturated with nicotine, and the question of his death was only one of time. He used the very strongest cigars, made expressly for him in Havana, and he was perpetually smoking. The disease this produced was called emphysema,—a morbid enlargement of the lung cells, and caused fits of coughing which sometimes nearly strangled him. He had been many years under medical treatment, frequently changing his physician, but never his practice, although often warned of its perils."

"Smoking produces disturbances in the blood, causing undue fluidity and change in the red corpuscles; in the stomach giving rise to debility, nausea, and in extreme cases, vomiting; in the mucous membrane of the mouth, causing enlargement and soreness of the tonsils, smokers' sore throat, etc.; in the heart, producing debility of that organ, and irregular action; in the bronchial surface of the lungs, when that is already irritable, sustaining irritation and increasing cough; in the organs of sense, causing, in the extreme degree, dilatation of the pupils of the eye, confusion of vision, bright lines, luminous or cobweb specks, and long retention of images on the retina; with other and analogous symptoms affecting the ear, viz., inability to define sounds clearly, and the occurrence of a sharp ringing sound, like a whistle or a bell; in the brain, impairing the activity of that organ; in the volitional, and in the sympa-

"In the confirmed smoker there is a constant functional disturbance. . . . On the ground of these functional disturbances an argument may be used which cuts sharply because it goes right home. . . . Why should a million of men be living with stomachs that only partially digest, hearts that labor unnaturally, and blood that is not fully oxidized?"

"Much less is known or has been reported concerning the action of tobacco on the ear than on the eye. Sufficient, however, is known to enable us to state that two distinct affections are produced. One, an impairment of the auditory nerve, recognized by a roaring sound, and diminished acuteness of hearing; . . . the other, a chronic catarrhal inflammation of the middle ear, as-

sociated with an angina of the throat. The mucous membrane of the Eustachian tube becomes swollen, and the tube closed; the drum becomes red, thickened, and retracted. With these catarrhal symptoms are noticed roaring in the cars."

"As to the effect of the habitual use of tobacco on the quality and character of the voice, I know it to be injurious in proportion to the extent to which it is carried. Snuff-taking destroys the natural sound, and the pure ring of healthy human utterance. It deadens the voice, and by impairing its clear resonance, mars the distinctness of articulation. Smoking creates a reedy, burning sound, which hinders purity of tone, and renders the voice more or less grating to the ear. Chewing, by its exhausting effect on the salivary glands, causes the quality of the voice to become dry, hard, and bitter."

"Tobacco has eleven special centres of action in the human system, the chief of which are the heart, eyes, spinal cord, genitalia, lungs, and the circulation. I have seen nicotine lower the circulation and lessen the respiratory powers; wither or paralyze the motor column of the spinal cord, produce atrophy of the retina and blindness. It produces mental aberrations, low spirits, irresolution, the most dismal

hypochondria and insomnia, and sometimes, after the victim has retired, frightful shocks, likened to a discharge of electricity. Impregnate fresh-drawn blood with nicotine, and at once it acquires a dark hue, while the microscope shows the red corpuscles undergoing rapid disintegration," a phenomenon which is styled crenation.

"When the sight fails with smokers, and no appreciable change of structure can be found in the eye, tobacco-poisoning may be assumed. The assumption is converted into certainty by the fact that appropriate remedies fail entirely while the habit of smoking is continued. In rare cases the susceptibility is so great that the smoking of a single cigar a day will produce it."

"In one week I saw in the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital two cases of tobacco-amaurosis in young men under thirty. The first

had chewed continually; and the other smoked one ounce of shag tobacco daily. Both were completely and irretrievably blind. Lichel of Paris found some cases of blindness easily cured by cessation from tobacco."

"We find here the characteristic physiological action of the drug, namely, a persistent contraction of the blood-vessels, producing an anæmia of the nerve structure. This contraction is like a persistent cramp, and may pass off on ceasing to use the drug; but if it continue, malnutrition, and slow degeneration of the nerves is sure to take place."

"A leading oculist of the United States asserted before a Science Congress, in one of our cities,

that he had examined the eyes of twelve thousand of the boys and girls of that city; that he found four per cent of the boys color-blind, while but ten girls were thus affected. The boys could tell black from white, but they could not tell blue from green, or the different shades of various colors. 'I find,' said be, 'the average boy of twelve with a cigarette in his mouth, which is dipped in nicotine.'"

"No smoker who has ever trained severely for a race, or a game, or a fight needs to be told that smoking reduces the tone of the system and diminishes all the forces of his body. He knows it."

been cured by the suspension of the habit; while the number in which it was prominent among the causes is much larger."

"That tobacco produces insanity I am fully confident. Its influence upon the brain and nervous system is hardly less than that of alcohol, and, if excessively used, is equally injurious."

"But I have never known a habitual tobacco user whose children, born after he had long used it, did not have deranged nervous systems and sometimes evidently weak minds. Shattered nervous systems for generations to come may be the result of this indulgence."

"The parent whose blood and secretions are saturated with tobacco, and whose brain and nervous system are narcotized by it, must transmit to his child elements of a distempered body

and erratic mind; a deranged condition of organic atoms, which elevates the animalism of future being at the expense of the moral and intellectual nature."

"The men of the West," writes one, "are not only filling themselves with this horrid poison, but in numberless ways are transmitting the deadly influence to their offspring. How any man who knows that the condition of the parent influences, for good or ill, his offspring, can become the father of children while his system is so dominated by this powerful narcotic that abstinence for twenty-four hours nearly sets him crazy, I cannot conceive."

"The enervation, the hypochondriasis, the hysteria, the insanity, the dwarfish deformities, the consumption, the suffering lives and early deaths of the children of inveterate smokers, bear ample testimony to the feebleness and unsoundness of the constitution transmitted by this pernicious habit."

"Unquestionably the most important matter in the health history of the students at this academy is that relating to the use of tobacco. I have urged upon the superintendent, as my last official utterance, the fact, of the truth of which five years' experience as health-officer of this station has satisfied me, that, beyond all other things, the future health and usefulness of the lads educated at this school require the absolute interdiction of tobacco.

Ed. Note: A Michigan House Report would soon thereafter agree on the need "to stop [interdict] it [tobacco, lest] we [come to have] have a State filled with imbeciles." Laws interdicting cigarettes were passed by various states including Iowa,   Tennessee, and Michigan.

"In this opinion I have been sustained, not only by all my colleagues, but by all other sanitarians in military and civil life whose views I have been able to learn; while I know it to be the belief of the officer who is to succeed me in the charge of this department, and who was one of the Board of Medical Officers which, in 1875, reported that 'the regulations against the use of tobacco in any form could not be too stringent.' Since then, three successive annual Boards of Visitors have indorsed the prohibition of tobacco, as a wise Sanitary provision; and the last of these Boards, on being informed that the regulation against its use was not then in operation (June, 1879), emphatically recommended that 'its strict enforcement be at once restored.'

"With a sense of the serious responsibility which devolves on the sanitary officer of this estab-

lishment, conscious that the bodily welfare and happiness of these young men and of their future offspring may be permanently influenced hy this vicious indulgence, I have most earnestly advised that the strongest efforts of the authorities of the academy shall he directed towards the prevention of this pernicious, indefensible, and wholly unnecessary habit.

"By the continued excitation of the optic nerve, tobacco produces amaurosis,—a fact demonstrated by Wordsworth, Mackenzie, Hutchinson, Sichel, and Chifeholm.

"I have myself several times rejected candidates for admission into the academy on account of defective vision, who confessed to the premature use of tobacco, one of them from the age of seven.

"The irregularity in the heart's action, which tobacco causes, is one of its most conspicuous effects. Candidates are annually rejected for cardiac disturbances, who have subsequently admitted the use of tobacco; and the annual physical examinations of cadets reveal a large number of irritable hearts ('tobacco hearts') among boys, who had no such trouble when they entered the school. Among the applicants for enlistment as apprentices in the navy during the year 1879, ten in a thousand were rejected for functional lesions of the heart, indicating tobacco-poisoning.

"Finally, the antidotal effect of tobacco makes drinking of stimulating liquors the natural consequence of smoking."

"While it is indisputably the fact that a large number of the cadets have learned to smoke before admission to the academy, its compulsory inhibition [ban] during their academic career will be of incalculable benefit to them, as well as to all others who now unfortunately acquire the habit here through the example of their schoolmates. It is almost impossible for the cadets, however young,—and some enter at fourteen,—to avoid contracting the habit, if his room-mate indulges; and the extent of this indulgence was instanced by one of the officers in charge, who told me that some of the rooms were so foul and offensive that it was unpleasant to enter them. The medical officer of the day was, not long since, called late at night to attend a cadet in a state of extreme prostration caused by tobacco; and, although himself a smoker, he declared the atmosphere of the room to be repulsively stifling from tobacco smoke. I have seen youths, fresh from graduation from this school, go on board ships smoking rank, blackened pipes that would have nauseated many an adult.

"That the user of tobacco is incapable of concentrated mental effort is demonstrated by the fact told me by a member of the Academic Board, that cadets have complained of their inability to apply themselves to study and attain the class-standing they desired on account of the excessive smoking in their rooms, in which they were compelled to indulge.

"An agent that has mischievously been represented to be innocuous only because of the remarkable tolerance exhibited by a few individuals, and is actually capable of such potent evil; which, through its sedative effect upon the circulation, creates a thirst for alcoholic stimulation; which, by its depressing and disturbing effect upon the nerve centres, increases sexual propensities, and induces secret practices, while permanently imperilling virile power; which determines functional disease of the heart; which impairs vision, blunts the memory, and interferes with mental effort and application,—ought, in my opinion as a sanitary officer, at whatever cost of vigilance, to be rigidly interdicted."

[Ed. Note: See another citation of Dr. Gihon at

the time, and, seven years later, quoted further. ]

"The Nicotine plant is poisoning the life-springs of coming generations; sowing the seeds of more bodily diseases than even strong drink,—so say careful observers of physical causes and effects; while those in charge of asylums for the insane, for idiots and feeble-minded persons, trace mental and moral, as well as physical, effects to the same source. Add to this the filthiness of these habits and the selfish disregard to the comfort of others, so generally characteristic of the tobacco habit, and it becomes a profound mystery how any conscientious, patriotic, and Christian man can contribute to the hundreds of millions annually spent, and to the pernicious example constantly presented in this direction."

"Whether operating through the nervous system, or by entering the circulation, tobacco directly diminishes vitality. And there can be no doubt that the physical prostration it produces may account for the fact that nearly every drunkard first used tobacco."

"I am fully convinced, from clinical observation of forty years' practice, that tobacco produces blood-poison, and that its effect on the nervous system is appalling.

"Its pathological action is through the spinal cord and pneumogastric nerve, affecting the stom-

ach and lungs, and relaxing and paralyzing the muscular system.

"Its toxical effect is to bring on nausea, vertigo, and an enfeebling action of the heart.

"The constant use of tobacco, either in smoking or chewing, predisposes one to epilepsy, and to symptoms resembling cholera morbus. It weakens the memory and sours the disposition. It acts upon the liver, making one hypochondriac, peevish, stupid, and morose, and producing oppressive apprehensiveness, restlessness, and melancholy.

"It not only vitiates the appetite for proper food, but impairs nutrition, and sooner or later engenders a desire for intoxicating stimulants. It cannot be otherwise expected, for tobacco not only causes general apathy of nerve-force, but produces great weariness, languor, and general debility; hence, to meet such an extremity, the system naturally craves something more exciting than air, water, and wholesome food. While not all tobacco-consumers are drunkards, there are very few drunkards who do not use tobacco in some form.

"One argument is offered as an apology for the tobacco-habit, and that is that it prevents many types of disease. This is an error. Tobacco is not an antidote; on the oilier hand, when a man, whose blood has been poisoned, and whose nerve-fluid has become abnormal from the use of tobacco, is attacked by any malignant disease, his chances for recovery are lessened fifty per ccnt."

"For about twenty years I was in the habit of using tobacco in all its forms. My whole system became deranged, and there was every prospect of my being an invalid for life. I resolved on emancipation, and quit its use at once and forever. My health was restored, and for forty years I have hardly known a week's sickness."

"Surgeon A. C. Gorgas, Medical Inspector, United States Navy, in his article on the 'Effects of Tobacco on Youth,' gives us, in full, the facts which led to its prohibition from cadets in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, as it has since also been prohibited at the Military Academy at West Point. When the order went into effect at Annapolis, the class of diseases, such as headache, disordered digestion, malaise, diminished at least one half in the next three months. The sympathies of the professors were in favor of its use, and Dr. Gorgas is himself a smoker, yet he bears

testimony that the rescinding of the order, and the return to smoking for a year, had such unmistakable results, as that all the officers who had favored the plan of unrestricted permission to smoke confessed that the experiment had proved a failure.

"The use of tobacco by youths can never be regarded as moderate. It is generally excessive in the literal sense of the term; but its effects, even when but little indulged in, are those which characterize excess in adults. The depressing effect of tobacco upon growth, by diminishing the forces concerned in tissue change, its effect upon the heart and pulsation, the disturbance of muscular co-ordinative power, of ability to concentrate the mind upon study, the dyspeptic troubles, impairment of vision, headaches, and the retardation of sexual development and disturbance of that function, are conceded by most observers and clearly demonstrated by many. . . . At this academy instances of almost all the evil effects of tobacco have been brought to the notice of the medical officers. Many of the cases of irritable heart supposed to be induced by gymnastic exercises I believe to be caused by tobacco. . . . If, to-day, a census could be taken of all the boys who smoke, it would surprise, and ought to distress, our American people. For it is one of the facts that has to do with social, moral, and political degeneracy.

"We believe that all licensed tobacco sellers

should enter into obligations not to sell to those below a certain age, and that any person should have a right to enter complaint against children found to be indulging this habit.

"Besides the direct effect on impaired physical vigor, there is another view not enough considered,—the power of choice, self-control, self-restraint. Will-power, in its best sense, is the greatest power beneath the sky. The freedom of the will is far more than a theological doctrine. It is the reserve hope of manhood, and not only decides individual character and destiny, but social and national destiny also. Our most outspoken quarrel with tobacco, as with other stimulants and narcotics, is this: that, indulged in so early, they so affect the brain and nervous system that habits become dominant and uncontrollable, which lead to a general loss of self-restraint.

"We hear much discussion as to whether intemperance is a disease. The real disease that is gaining ground is debility in self-restraint; it is producing that debility among the young. Tobacco is the most threatening power. It leads often to intemperance, to a general yielding of self-control, and so to many an evil greater than that of physical infirmity."

"I am glad to learn that you are soon to publish a work on Tobacco. Having made, lor many years a specialty of the study of the laws of health and disease, I consider this one of the greatest evils of the present day. Language cannot describe the terrible effects which tobacco produces upon both body and mind. It perverts the taste, impairs mental capacity, corrupts the moral sense, and stimulates the animal nature.

"But its pernicious effects are not confined to the present generation, nor to this life. Its dreadful evils, through the laws of inheritance, extend to offspring, even to the second, third, and fourth generation.

"In view of such facts, that smoking should increase, especially among young men, is alarming, yes, shocking! I pray that your book may prove a powerful auxiliary in this much-needed reform."

"I believe that tobacco is a cursed evil to our boys and young men, seriously damaging them morally and physically. It is a bewitching evil. It has a soothing and quieting effect on the nerve centres, and hence to the user seems to do no

harm. And the fact that its use follows the law of increase, makes it much more damaging than if the law were otherwise. Besides, it retards the change of tissue, so necessary to young people. Its check on virility has not been made sufficiently plain."

"That the nervous system which was blunted by nicotine is not so keen and sharp for mental work as it otherwise would be, is abundantly established. The habitual use of tobacco is weighted in the intellectual race. It accelerates the respiration, produces morbid changes in the blood-corpuscles, disturbs digestion, occasions defective nutrition, lessens the power of the heart, impairs nervous energy, not only in the special nerves of seeing, hearing, smelling, and touching, but also in the ordinary nerves both of sensation and of motion, inducing in some instances partial or complete paralysis, and also insanity.

"The strongest indictment, however, against tobacco is that it makes one a slave. A man of forty-five came to me one day with serious disease of the heart. After an examination I asked, 'Why don't you leave off smoking?' 'Oh, I wish I could.' 'Do you mean to say that you really cannot do it?' 'That is just what I mean; I am a slave, bound hand and foot. I could have broken away once. I cannot now.' And he went to an untimely grave. What a slavery is that which holds a man to the very doors of the sepulchre and will not let him go till the grave closes over him!"

"The cigarette is often responsible for the worst sort of insanity—moral insanity; more than half the shocking crimes we hear of being committed by young lads are directly traceable to the cigarette habit. This is tobacco in the worst form. It deadens the sensibilities, wrecks the nervous system, weakens the brain, and all the evils of over-stimulation are the natural result. On my experience, gathered in St. Vincent's Institution for the Insane, I will broadly state that the boy who smokes at seven will drink at fourteen, take morphine at twenty, and at thirty will wind up with the rest of the narcotics. It is like a pathologic moral version of Hogarth's 'Rake's Progress.'"

"A youth in Warren, O., smoked 1,200 cigarettes. He had saved pictures from wrappers and wrote to the manufacturers, asking what they would give for them. They sent word back that if he would smoke 1,200 more they would send him a coffin."

"The great curse of Chicago today is cigarette smoking among the children of good, respectable families, public school children, enticed into the little notion shops where gim-cracks of every sort are sold—lead pencils, paper, candies, brandy drops, and cigarettes by the millions. At recess youngsters rush there by scores, throw down their pennies, eagerly seize these disease-producing, death-dealing agents, seek the shady side of the street, light them and puff away, and after a space return to the schoolroom unrefreshed, uninvigorated, listless, enervated, poisoned."

nearly all of the boys joined. Meantime I talked individually to each of these boys. After spending about a week in this way, I got the following information.

Twenty-five boys stated that the reason they did not get their lessons was because they were so sleepy all the time that they could not study.

Thirty of them told me that they did not feel well—they were dizzy all the time.

Twenty-two told me that they could not write neatly because their hands trembled so.

Several, to use their own words, said they felt 'shaky' when they walked, that their nerves felt weak.

A large number were unable to run any distance, some not more than a block, although before they began to smoke they could run as far and as fast as any one.

Nearly all of these boys complained that they had headache most of the time.

"I took the time to investigate the cases of ten boys who were from four to five years too old for their grades, and found that they had made a grade a year up to the time when they began to smoke cigarettes, when all progress stopped. In March I talked with each boy who had not used cigarettes since he joined the anti-tobacco society about three months previously. They were unanimous in say-

ing, as they expressed it, that they felt like different boys. Some of their answers were:

'Oh, I can remember lots better,'

'I can catch onto things quicker,'

'I don't get sleepy in school,'

'I don't have headaches now,'

'I don't tremble so when I try to write,'

'I can run faster,'

'I can lift heavier things,'

'I used to feel weak all the time.'

"Those boys especially known for truancy gave various reasons for it. Some stayed out of school because they couldn't learn their lessons, and did not like to stay after school. Others stayed out to smoke because they could not do without it half a day. Still others ran away at recesses simply because they had to have a cigarette. At such times they fell in company with older and often more vicious boys, who enticed them into all sorts of mischief. Many were in the habit of going to cigar stores and drug stores where there were gambling machines into which they could put a penny or a nickel. This caused a deck of cards to circulate, and those who got a 'full hand' or a 'flush,' so the boys told me, could get twenty-five cigarettes or ten cigars. They told me that they never spent a cent for fruit or candy, Aa one boy said, 'every nickel went for cigarettes.'"

"For a year or more, he smoked three packages of cigarettes a day. He died a horrible death, being in

convulsions four days. He acted like a dog afflicted with hydrophobia, snapping and biting at every one who came near him."

that of a waiter in a city cafe. He was a non-smoker and total abstainer, yet he came to me with tobacco blindness fully developed, caused by being compelled to work all day in an atmosphere of tobacco smoke, breathing the poisoned air polluted by thirty or forty smokers."

"No gutter drunkard is able to relate an experience so fraught with degradation as hundreds of tobacco drunkards. Where one man gets drunk from ardent spirits so that he is unfit to fulfil the duties which society and government impose on him, hundreds of men become thus incompetent from the use of tobacco. Where one boy has had his nervous system so deranged by the use of ardent spirits as to render it impossible for him, however richly endowed, to reach high culture, fifty boys are rendered incompetent by the use of tobacco.

"I know of no sin among all the group of sins which crop out in our habits of living and curse us as a people, that for destructive vigor and ruinous accomplishment can compare with the use of tobacco. I do not exaggerate. I speak the truth in perfect soberness, and abundant testimony awaits me in the way of demonstration. The worst cases of delirium tremens are due to the system's being drugged by tobacco."

tobacco is a narcotic poison, it will certainly destroy these organisms or their germs. So will kerosene, carbolic acid, and other strong acids. But no one regards these things as wholesome when taken into the system. The effect sought is local, and only their local use is justifiable. The perspiration of old tobacco users is so saturated with nicotine that it will destroy the life of flies precisely by the same poisonous properties by which it destroys fungi in the secretions of the mouth; and there is no more wisdom in poisoning the whole body in order to destroy caries fungi of the teeth than there would be in setting up our bodies as manufactories of fly-poison to destroy flies in our rooms. Any fungicide can unquestionably be used more efficiently as well as harmlessly with the brush and by rinsing the mouth than when taken into the stomach and lungs. I believe that no physiologist can, or does deduce from the general laws of health and disease any conclusion but that the use of tobacco in every form is mischievous."

"Physiologists and the medical profession generally accept as axioms the principles that in

small doses all the narcotics represented by opium, tobacco, the deadly nightshade, strychnine, and other similar drugs, are stimulants, not tonics, that is, in these small doses, they increase the rate of action, or living, without adding to the strength or means of living; that the degree of stimulation varies in different members of the group of narcotics, it being very slight and transient in tobacco, the 'soothing,' or narcotic effect being the result usually sought and speedily reached; that the assertion that 'food and stimulus are equally indispensable' is a monstrous fallacy; that any drug stimulation in health is unnecessary and mischievous; that all such stimulation is followed by a gradual loss of healthful vigor in the tissues and the organs involved; and that while these effects may accumulate slowly, the aggregate results of many years of even moderate indulgence is almost invariably seen in broken health and lessened efficiency, as well as in the presence of positive disease."

"A moderate indulgence may, for a brief period, enliven the imagination, accelerate the thoughts, and give a pleasing sense of intellectual vigor, but, under such unnatural stimulus, the intellect works neither reliably nor safelyreaction and stupor which necessarily succeed, more than counterbalance the largest measure even of apparent gain. And he who resorts to such expedients will soon

find that not only has he been fascinated and deceived, but that he has literally sold himself into a physical and mental bondage, from which escape is almost impossible."

"as the result of investigations recently made, the professors of the University of Jena affirm that moderate quantities of this weed may be used with beneficial effects; that in the German army soldiers in active service are very properly furnished with smoking tobacco, because smoking enables them to endure severe fatigue upon smaller nutrition and with greater alacrity and confidence than would otherwise be the case."

"Where the processes of waste and of repairs are maintained in balance," he says, "the system is in its normal state, or in health. Disturb the balance, and disease commences. Every system is worked by force, and this is the one cause of waste. Diminish waste, and you diminish force. The work of all poisons is to diminish force. Now, if tobacco diminishes waste, it is because it diminishes force, and so far marches toward death. Let us have no more of such sophistry."

"If the change is no more rapid than in health, it is a physiological, not a diseased process; it is one of a chain of interlinked and interdepending processes which cannot be interfered with without upsetting the beautifully contrived balance, and leading to mischievous results. Every physiologist knows that the use and wear exactly correspond; that you cannot diminish one without diminishing the other. All narcotics diminish the energy of all the functions of every organ. They lessen the vigor and amount of the work done, and exactly to this extent diminish the waste. Going beyond certain narrow limits, the result is far worse,—they act so powerfully on every organ and function that the derangement amounts to disease, the power of doing healthy work is lost, and not only the waste, but repair is decidedly diminished. The difficulty after youth is not that waste is unduly active, but that repair is too little so. It follows that, instead of diminishing waste by diminishing through narcotics the energy of brain and body, and hence the amount of work done, the increase of the reparative energy is the needed power in advancing years.

"Every physiologist accepts the law that with every thought, with every emotion, with every throb of the heart, with every movement of a muscle, with every step in the process of digestion, there is waste of tissue in exact and inevitable correlation to the amount of work done; and this

waste can only be diminished by diminishing action or production. It is like the consumption of fuel and the production of heat. It is easy to diminish the draft of the furnace or engine, and so the consumption of fuel; but the production of heat is diminished in the same proportion. This is precisely what is done to the functions of the body by narcotics, including tobacco. They lower the vigor and energy of every organ, and so its production, and in the same degree the waste.

"I believe this is the correct statement of the action of tobacco in the much talked-of relation to waste: that from the scientific standpoint these conclusions are inevitable; and that from the medical, the experience of ninety-nine out of a hundred of the profession clearly affirms their truth."