between the ages of 10 and 15 in the Illinois State Reformatory, when the investigation was made in 1899, 92 per cent were found in the habit of smoking cigarettes, at the time they were committed. Even more astonishing is the fact that 85 per cent had so become addicted to their use as to be classed at this time as cigarette fiends [Ed Note: addicts]."

"Out of 300 boys brought before me charged with various crimes 295 [Ed Note: 98¼%] were cigarette smokers. This surely goes to prove that the boys who do not smoke do not stray into the path that leads to the police court. Congress [Ed Note: like 1897 Iowa, and as the WCTU had urged in 1892] should stop the manufacture, sale, and importation of cigarettes. Ninety-nine out of 100 boys between the ages of 10 and 17 years who come before me charged with crime have their fingers disfigured by yellow cigarette stain. I am not a crank on this subject. I do not care to pose as a reformer, but it is my opinion [as others] that cigarettes will do more than liquor to ruin boys."

"More young men are led to the opium habit by cigarette smoking than by patent and proprietary medicines. Sixty per cent of all males under forty years of age, treated at Dwight for opium, morphine,or cocaine using, in 1896, had been smokers of cigarettes, and 60 per cent of these had no other excuse than that they needed some stimulant more than the cigarettes furnished them."

"There is an alarming increase of juvenile smokers, and, basing my assertion on the experience gained in private practice and at the Saint Vincent institution, I will broadly state that the boy who smokes at seven ill drink whisky at fourteen, take to morphine at twenty-five, and wind up with cocaine and the rest of the narcotics at thirty and later on." [Ed. Note: the alcoholism-link and gateway/starter drug concepts. Kellogg has more by Bremer].

"One of the very worst habits in boyhood is the cigarette habit. This has long been recognized by all [Ed. Note: emphasis, ALL] he judges of the courts that deal with young criminals, and especially by judges of police courts, before whom thousands of men appear every year who are addicted to intemperate habits. These judges know that in nearly every case the drunken sots who appear before them, a disgrace to their parents, themselves, and the state, began as boys smoking cigarettes. One bad habit led to another. The nicotine and poison in the cigarette created an appetite for alcoholic drink. The cigarette habit not only had a grip upon them in boyhood, but it invited all the other demons of habit to come in and add to the degradation that the cigarette began."

"Accounts of persons who have used tobacco for years without injury are found on examination to be untrue. It is doubtful if any person who uses tobacco continuously is not enfeebled in mind and body, although the damage may not appear from a casual examination."

"Many smokers who are told that tobacco is at the bottom of their ailments expect that with abolishing the cause, the effect will cease immediately. The mischief done by a chronic disease [Ed. Note: e.g., smoking] of any kind takes months, nay years, to undo by strict hygienic living [Ed. Note: if it can be undone at all]."

"Nicotine is one of the most powerful poisons known. A drop of it in a concentrated form was found sufficient to kill a dog, and small birds perished at the approach of a tube containing it."

"Tobacco is the most subtle poison known to the chemist, except the deadly prussic acid."

tion of tobacco in smoking, the nicotine is entirely destroyed, broken up to oils and acids, and that the nicotine itself is not taken into the system.

"The combustion of tobacco under ordinary conditions [Ed Note: the real truth] does not destroy the drug. Kissling recovered 52 per cent of it from the smoke of a sample containing 3.75 per cent of nicotine and from another sample 84 per cent."

"Tobacco smoke contains, in addition to the nicotine, various deleterious substances, such as pyridine, lutidine, cyanogen, and about 9.3 per cent of carbonic acid gas. Hence, persons who smoke tobacco get not only the harmful effects of nicotine, but an exceedingly irritating oil, several harmful gases, and particularly carbon dioxide, which is known to be very deadly when inhaled."

"Tobacco enfeebles digestion, produces emaciation and general debility. It lays the foundation for nearly every nervous disorder now common to the American people. It produces amaurosis and color-blindness, epilepsy, bronchitis, rheumatism and asthma, dyspepsia and catarrh, tobacco heart, and cancer of the stomach."

"A very significant statement is made by Cope's Tobacco Plant, a journal of the trade. It says:

"Few things could be more pernicious to growing youths and persons of unformed constitution than

the use of tobacco in any of its forms.'

"Another writer testifies that the smoking of the cigarette lowers vitality, lessens bodily vigor, unfits the victim for concentrated study, and is usually associated with low morals and with the practice of other vices."

"I know of no single vice which does so much harm as smoking. It is a snare and a delusion. It soothes the excited nervous system at the time, to render it more irritable and feeble ultimately. I have had large experience in brain diseases, and I am satisfied that smoking is a most noxious habit. I know of no other cause or agent that so much tends to bring on functional disease, and through this in the end to lead to organic disease of the brain."

[Ed. Note: Similar reference to tobacco use and 'licentiousness' was cited in 1889 by Rev. John B. Wight's tobacco-exposé book citing an 1881 Surgeon General Report; and in the 1994 Surgeon General Report].

"Tobacco does not aid digestion.

It does not prevent lean people from getting too lean,

or stout people from getting too stout.

It has no power to preserve the teeth from decay

or to neutralize the poison of contagion.

It is not a disinfectant.

Nor does it enable the student to pursue his studies with safety in the dissecting-room because of some mysterious power it exhibits over the morbific odors and vapors of the cleadhouse, as a recent writer has asserted.

It is not a remedy for asthma,

or indigestion,

or any other diseased condition.

"And indeed, it may be safe to say that it does not do any one of the hundred and one harmlessly beneficent things it is popularly supposed to do, while we positively know that it does at times produce outright, serious disturbances of the heart, nervous system, and mucous membranes, while its use on the part of the patient also limits and diminishes possibilities of recovery in other diseases."

"The idea that tobacco prevents disease is an error. A tobacco user's chances of recovery from malignant disease are lessened fifty per cent."

"Very few tobacco users recover from yellow fever. I once lost half my crew with it in Havana. Every man who died used tobacco, and every one who lived did not use it."

"It is scarcely possible to cure a syphilitic sore, or to unite a fractured bone in a devoted smoker."

"During the prevalence of cholera, I have had repeated opportunities of observing that individuals addicted to the use of tobacco are more disposed to attacks of that disease, and generally in its most malignant and fatal form."

the well-known expert, H. Sainsbury, says:

"The pungent smoke of tobacco is a local irritant, and a chronic form of congestion of the throat and larynx is a frequent result of excessive smoking; the smoker's cough and the smoker's voice are familiar.

"The smoke absorbed into the system, a gastric disturbance may ensue and a marked functional disturbance of the heart, characterized by a feeble, irregular, or intermittent pulse and a tendency to palpitation; sometimes attacks of heart-pain simulating the breast-pang of angina occur.

"The nervous system may show its intolerance of tobacco by a tremulousness and unsteadiness of the muscles; by attacks of giddiness, which, though in many cases referable to the gastric disturbance, are in other instances, seemingly, a distinct nervous effect: by neuralgias in various areas: possibly the attacks of heart-pain above-mentioned are of this nature.

"On the mental side the memory may suffer notably.

"Various severer affections have been attributed to tobacco excess, but the causation has not been established, and the occurrences have more probably been coincidences;

there is, however, one special nervous affection which is almost certainly assignable to tobacco poisoning, namely, impairment of sight, though it is doubtful whether even this ever leads up to true tissue changes, the amblyopia disappearing if the habit is checked.

"There can be no doubt that all forms of excess are more resisted by the tissues of the adult than by those of the child, for the growing child, when compared with the adult, must stand as a relatively unstable organism and be more at the mercy of every disturbing cause. This consideration has special weight in respect of tobacco, since the habit is apt to take root at an early age, when development is proceeding actively. Here is a matter of national importance, which should occupy the attention of those interested in the physical welfare of the race."¹

"Though tobacco is one of the most widely used of narcotics, it is only recently that its poisonous effects have been carefully studied.

"Its first use is often followed by such toxic symptoms as pallor of the face, intense nausea, tremulous heart, and general muscular relaxation and prostration.

Ed. Note: See example personal experience reports: Dr. Thorn's Dr. Jackson's Dio Lewis' experiment and reports by Blatin and Neal Dow.

"Later, when it has been used for years, there is anemia, paleness, muscular trembling, with general nervousness and extreme debility. Though the signs which lead to the recognition of its effects are often obscure, and the degree of damage is frequently difficult to determine, it is certain that tobacco is ever a depressant

and narcotic, and of necessity must injure the brain and nervous system.

"Its first effects are on the sensory nerves, diminishing the acuteness of sight, hearing, and taste. Persons who use their eyes in delicate and exact work find that tobacco injures them; and musicians who depend on the accuracy of their hearing in the recognition of sounds, very quickly give up tobacco, especially before doing any work that calls for accurate hearing. The ability to perform any work requiring delicacy of touch is lessened after the use of tobacco.

"Persons whose work does not require a careful exercise of the special senses may use tobacco for some time without observing any resulting injury. Later, however, nervousness appears in the form of trembling, agitation, and loss of control. Foolishly enough, many persons smoke in order to experience a certain steadiness, but later they complain of increased nervousness. Finally, the heart gives evidence of this continuous narcotic influence, in its irregular action and signs of exhaustion. When tobacco is withdrawn entirely, this heart condition improves, and many nervous affections disappear.

"Science proves with great positiveness that all use of tobacco is harmful, that it has no food value, that it gives neither strength, increased vigor, nor power to the user, and that its effects are depressant and narcotic in varying degrees, in some instances very marked, in others slow and concealed.

"The fascination of tobacco comes from its narcotism and its power to diminish discomfort and uneasiness,

"We should remember that there always is present in cigarettes nicotine, a far more

"I am sure cigarettes are destroying and making criminals of more boys than the saloons. Cigarettes are not the effect of crime, but they are the cause of it."

"one youth in a preparatory school who often smoked sixty cigarettes a day, and who became so impregnated with nicotine that one day after playing ball he was startled to find his perspiration had made his undergarments as yellow as if dipped in dye."

"The 'accomplished' cigarette smoker is not content with a single puff of smoke, but he draws the smoke into the depths of his lungs, holds it a moment, and then expels it through his mouth and nose. The poison is thus allowed to penetrate to every portion of the lung cavity, and by absorption is taken into the blood."

"The cigarette smoker almost invariably inhales, and he gets the most harm merely because the bronchial mucous membrane absorbs the poison most rapidly. The tobacco itself is no more

harmful than it is in a pipe or a cigar. Furthermore, the tobacco is generally drier in a cigarette, and for that reason the combustion is better, for the products of the combustion of dry and damp tobacco are not the same. But since it is a little difficult to inhale a pipe or a cigar without choking, the smoke products of a pipe or cigar are usually absorbed only by the mouth, nose, and throat, whereas the inhaled smoke of the cigarette is absorbed by the entire area of windpipe and bronchial tubes."¹

"I am often called to prescribe for palpitation of the heart. In 9 cases out of 10 this is caused by the cigarette habit. Cigarette smoking gives boys enlargement of the heart, and it sends them into consumption and to the insane asylum. I have seen bright boys turned into dunces, and straightforward, honest boys made into cowards by cigarette smoking. I am speaking the truth that nearly every physician and teacher knows."

"Last year the medical inspectors of schools, over whom I have jurisdiction, were assigned to make examinations of the young men who were members of the baseball and football teams in the various high schools; we also examined the young women of the basketball teams. All the young women passed a successful examination, but many of the young men athletes were rejected because it was found they had valvular heart trouble. Each of the young men

"I am convinced that our failure to come up to expectations this season has been largely due to the fact that some of the players on whom I depended were cigarette fiends. There will be no more of it. Any player who insists on smoking cigarettes is through, so far as the Nationals are concerned, and that goes so long as I am manager of the team. No man in athletics for a living can use them."

"I have seen death from inhaling cigarettes, and persons incapacitated for business and made wrecks. It is explained in this way. The smoke, when inhaled, is brought in contact with over 500 cubic feet of surface in the lungs, with immense facilities for absorption, and at once the nicotine is deposited in a fruitful field and incorporated in the blood."

"A leading Journal of Philadelphia describes the way material is secured for making cigarettes: Scavengers go around to saloons and barrooms, picking up stubs of cigars and raking over the contents of spittoons for rejected quids of tobacco. These are

thrown into a sack and carried to the manufactory, where they are cleansed, ground up, sprinkled with liquor, Havana flavoring and other chemicals added, I and allowed to stand till the whole mass is permeated with the flavoring. It is rolled up in its paper wrapping, and becomes the cigarettes considered so dainty."

"So far as I know, opium, arsenic, etc., have never been found in cigarettes. This is a rumor which

is constantly being floated, but is without general foundation. The cigarettes are harmful enough in themselves without seeking this extreme evil in them."

"The current report is that cigarettes contain opium or some form of dope; however, the brands that I examined were free of added medicinal substances, barring calcium, magnesium, and nitrates found in the papers.""

"Western civilization is gradually but surely drifting into a condition of degeneracy. Out of this army of degenerates come the vicious, the criminal, and the insane. Practically speaking, mankind is becoming alcoholic and tobacco mad. The nervous system is crumbling, owing to saturation of alcohol and nicotine."

"The use of tobacco is responsible more than any other one factor for race degeneracy. It is the most poisonous plant grown, and its active principle the most poisonous alkaloid, harmfully and deeply affecting the delicate protoplasm of the tissue cells, unfitting the user of it to be a propagator of the human race, robbing his own children of their right to normality."

"In no instance is the sin of the father more strikingly visited upon his children than in the sin of tobacco-using. The enervation, the hypochondriasis, the hysteria, the insanity, the dwarfish deformities, the consumption, the suffering lives, and the early deaths of children of inveterate smokers bear ample testimony

to the feebleness and unsoundness of constitution transmitted by this pernicious habit."

"Language cannot describe the terrible effects which tobacco produces upon both body and mind. It perverts the taste, impairs mental capacity, corrupts the moral sense, and stimulates the animal nature. But its pernicious effects are not confined to the present generation, nor to this life. Its dreadful evils through the law of inheritance, extend to offspring even to the second, third, and fourth generation."

"When the Europeans first visited New Zealand, they found the natives the most finely developed and powerful men among the islands of the Pacific. Since the introduction of tobacco, for which these men developed a passionate liking, they have, from this source alone, become decimated in numbers, and so reduced in stature and physical well-being as to be an altogether inferior type of men."

"From the use of tobacco, most of our young men are physical degenerates. A few years ago England was startled by the announcement that out of 12,000 men that appeared for examination at Manchester, 9,000 had to be rejected as physically unfit for army service.

'They come to us with their fingers stained with nicotine,' the examiner said.

A few years later, when the call was made for young physicians to enter the United States Army, 80 per cent were rejected as unfit, owing to what was pronounced tobacco

heart. These represented the choicest young men these countries could produce. If three fourths of the young men are unfit for army service, they are certainly unfit to assume the responsibilities of propagators of a fit race."

"The deep defects produced by tobacco on the generative system perniciously affect the germ plasm and germ cells and cannot but show blight, more or less, in the children that may be born of parents addicted to this vice. Tobacco, in some ways, even more than the alcoholic-beverage habit, touches forcibly the nerve centers, the medulla oblongata, the spinal center, the generative center, and the great sympathetic nerve centers, leaving therein its

trail of debility, defects, and degeneration, all of which affections are in line of transmission to posterity."¹

"The test was decisive, and it proved this: that no man doing physical labor, and who smokes while on the job, is as efficient and as able to put forth his full energies as he could if he were not smoking."

"The muscle cells are apparently only slightly affected by it, but the nerve supply to the muscles being affected, the practical motor ability is greatly impaired. This has been thoroughly demonstrated by experiments carried out by Dr. W. P. Lombard, of the University of Michigan, who has shown that the administration of even moderate amounts of tobacco in the form of smoke lowers the working power of the human muscle by a high percentage, aind there seemed to be no compensation for lowered temporary ability in increased duration of it. His experiments were made with Moss's ergograph, and his results may be crudely summarized as follows: In from five to ten minutes after beginning to smoke an ordinary cigar, muscular power began to diminish, and in an hour, when the cigar was burnt, it had fallen to about 25 per cent of its initial value. The total work of the time of depression, compared with a similar normal period, was as 24.2 to 44.8 per cent."

opinion, there would be seen a difference of 15 per cent in the general efficiency of smokers and non-smokers. The time is already at hand when smokers will be barred out of positions which demand quick thought and action."

"We do not employ boys in the Larkin office who smoke cigarettes. An applicant addicted to the use of cigarettes would not interest us; but if he seemed to possess qualifications that made him desirable, he would have to decide between the cigarette and the job."

"My observation as a business man has been that boys and young men who indulge in the habit of smoking cigars and cigarettes will very soon become discounted, and their places will very probably be filled by others of more careful habits. There can be no question that the use of cigars and cigarettes is positively detrimental to mind and body."

"The boys of to-day are not what boys of ten years ago were, and it is due largely to the cigarette evil. They come here with their ill manners, stained fingers, and dopey-eyed cigarette face and cigarette breath; and they are saucy and dirty."

"We believe onr company gets better service from non-smokers, and to abstain from tobacco will be of inestimable value to the individual in later years, both from a physical and a mental standpoint."

"The average employer is very much disinclined to employ a person who is addicted to the habit; in fact, there are several prominent concerns here that will not employ cigarette smokers."

"Cigarette users are unsafe. I would just as soon think of getting my employees out of the insane asylum as to employ cigarette users."

cigarette smoker to make a good railroad man. As a rule, smokers are dull and half asleep most of the time. These are not the kind of men the Rock Island wants to operate its trains and its great system, which is daily responsible for the lives of thousands of people."

"No young man expects to obtain a favorable hearing if he offers himself for employment while smoking or chewing tobacco. Business men dislike to receive tobacco-scented messengers. Cars and elevators contain signs prohibiting lighted cigars or cigarettes. Insurance companies reject men who show signs of excessive use of tobacco. Why? Because they are apt to die before their time."²

"We would not employ a man who smoked cigarettes if we knew he smoked them. Our reason is that with the prevailing knowledge as to the injury to the mind, body, and morals of the cigarette habit, a man who will keep on using them has not enough self-will to meet our standards, nor enough regard for personal appearance. Our observation of those who use cigarettes has led us to believe that the use of the same is one of the most degenerating of habits, and does more to weaken one's regard for good morals than any other habit."

are cigarette fiends [Ed. Note: modern term: addicts]. Eighty-five per cent of the mistakes occurring in the office are traceable to the 32 smokers. They fall behind with their work, and when transferred to other desks, which men who do not smoke handle easily, they immediately get along just as badly, showing that it is not the amount of work but the inability or indolence of the performer. The smokers average 'two days off' from work a month, while the non-smokers average only one-half of a day in the same time. The natural conclusion is that the 32 young men are holding positions deserved by better men."

"Cigarette smoking is no longer simply a moral question. The great business world has taken it up as a deadly enemy of advancement and achievement. Leading business firms all over the country have put the cigarette on the prohibited list. In Detroit alone sixty-one merchants have agreed not to employ the cigarette user. In Chicago, Montgomery, Ward & Company; Hibbard, Spencer & Bartlett, and some of the other large concerns have prohibited cigarette smoking among all employees under eighteen years of age. Marshall Field & Company and the Morgan & Wright Tire Company have this rule: 'No cigarettes can be smoked by our employees.' One of the questions on the application blanks at Wanamaker's reads: 'Do you use tobacco or cigarettes?' "

"Not long ago Thomas A. Edison and Henry Ford, auto manufacturer, issued edicts forbid-

ding any of the thousands of their men to use cigarettes, and henceforth no cigarettist will get a job in their shops because Edison and Ford have found out that the cigarette seriously interferes with the efficiency of the men's work. It is not a question of morals but of pure business with them."

"Twenty per cent more money is expended for tobacco in America than for bread; and this comparison represents but a small part of the real cost of the use of tobacco."¹

"Our annual tobacco bill amounts to $940,000,000. Should three of our large cities be wiped out by fire each year it would be considered a mmense loss, and yet the amount of tobacco annually consumed equals in value nearly the combined taxable property of Detroit, Cincinnati, and Buffalo."

"The United States is one of the greatest educational countries in the world, but for every dollar spent on education, over two dollars is spent for tobacco."

"According to the government report, 1,012,800 acres were devoted in 1911 to the production of the abominable

weed which first, last, and all the time is a nuisance as well as a poison. And more than the prostituted acres and the exhaustion of human muscle in the production thereof is the blunting of the ethical sense, the narcotizing of the intellectual and social ambitions of the victim, who through the stultifying effects of the cigar loses something of the power of a high zeal for moral ideals and a divine hunger for the spiritual life."

"What might be done in the United States with a fund of $57,000,000 annually, the market price of the raw tobacco leaf, and the land, the labor, and the capital expended in getting the product to the men who puff, breathe, and perspire the noxious product into the air everyone must breathe, and who bespatter the streets, the sidewalks, the floors of every public place and conveyance, and befoul the million spittoons, smoking rooms, and smoking cars?"²

gent man in my business realizes that. The decent ones are guarding against it by trying to wipe out the dives. Already Western States have enacted anti-liquor legislation which would have been unthinkable ten years ago. The campaign against habit-forming drugs is gathering strength everywhere."

"Tobacco is the boy's easiest and most direct road to whisky. When opium is added, the young man's chance of resisting the combined forces and escaping physical, mental, and moral harm is slim indeed."

"In the practice of smoking there is no small danger. It produces a huskiness of the mouth which calls for some liquid. Water is too insipid, as the nerves of taste are in a half-palsied state from the influence of tobacco smoke; hence, in order to be tasted, an article of a pungent or stimulating character is resorted to, and thus the kindred habits of smoking and drinking."

"The tobacco exhaustion needs the whisky exhilaration, and the cigarette victim keeps on alternating between the depression of tobacco and the stimulation of alcohol, which he seems to require. Both are ruinous to body and mind. Without fear of contradiction, I make the statement boldly that it is no more possible for an inveterate, poison-soaked cigarette fiend who has arrived at the third stage to continue his life and smoking without the aid of whisky than it would be without the aid of the tobacco itself. With greatly impaired health, each organ suffering from the poison circulating through it, this second poison is added, and the results of this double dose to the wrecked system can easily be imagined."

"It is the irritable condition of the nervous system that causes the restlessness, inability to concentrate thought, tremor, etc., which is so apt to cause the cigarette addict to seek relief sooner or later through the quieting, soothing influence of liquor, morphine, or other drugs. He is almost incapacitated for mental labor through inability to concentrate thought, and finding that one drink of liquor partially at least antidotes the nicotine and quiets and soothes his restlessness and irritability, he is gradually led into the double

addiction, liquor and cigarettes. Our experience here at Dwight, where many hundreds of cigarette cases have been treated, is that persons applying for treatment for both liquor and cigarettes dread giving up their cigarettes more than their liquor. Moreover, those who return to the use of cigarettes in after life are almost certain to resume the use of liquor to allay the irritability of the nervous system produced by tobacco smoke inhalation."

"For years I have been dealing with alcoholism and morphinism, have gone into their every phase and aspect, have kept careful and minute details of between six and seven thousand cases, and I have never seen a case except occasionally with women, which did not have a history of excessive tobacco.

"A boy always starts smoking before he starts drinking. If he is disposed to drink, that disposition will be increased by smoking, because the action of tobacco makes it normal for him to feel the need of stimulation. He is likely to go to alcohol to soothe the muscular unrest, to blunt the irritation he receives from tobacco. From alcohol he goes to [Ed. Note: another post-gateway drug,] morphine for the same reason. The nervous condition due to excessive drinking is allayed by morphine, Just as the nervous condition due to excessive smoking is allayed by alcohol.

"Morphine is the

legitimate consequence of alcohol, and alcohol is the legitimate consequence of tobacco. Cigarettes, drink, opium is the logical and regular series."¹

"The eradication of the opium scourge must prove a great blessing to China. But with the passing of this most formidable evil, for whose infliction upon China England was largely responsible, it is a great misfortune that, through the pitiless efforts of the British-American Tobacco Company, her people are rapidly becoming addicted to the western tobacco habit, selfish beyond excuse, filthy

beyond measure, and unsanitary in its polluting and oxygen-destroying effect upon the air all are compelled to breathe. It has already become a greater and more inexcusable burden upon mankind than opium ever was."²

North Dakota, not only out of deference to public opinion in this State, but as the result of long observation of the evil effects of tobacco upon immature students."

"I am entirely clear in my own mind that the use of tobacco, at least by men under twenty-five, is to be vigorously opposed, partly in consideration of health, partly on considerations of intellectual development, and partly on moral considerations. Upon all of these points, so far as concerns especially the young, both expert authority and statistical evidence seem to me to be pretty decisive. And it has seemed to me especially unfortunate that the situation in many of our colleges is such as to show that the practice of smoking tends to become tyrannical as concerns even those who do not themselves wish to smoke, since it is plain that they are often made to feel that they are not coming up to what is expected of them, or that they are unsocial if they do not share the smoking habit."

"A college president deplored to me the immense growth of the smoking habit among college students. 'What are you doing about it?' I said. The college president threw up his hands in helpless imbecility and said: 'What can I do about it when three quarters of my faculty smoke?' How can a boy feel the academic call to the ministry of religion, or any other form of spiritual consecration or ethical earnestness,

when the campus disintegrates the integrities of his youth, discounts the moralities of the home, and makes indulgent the sons of self-denying parents?"

"Many men were prejudiced against smoking until they went to college. There they found themselves 'out of it' because they did not smoke. More than that, they found that the smoke of social gatherings irritated their eyes and throat, and they thought that smoking might keep them from finding other people's smoke annoying."¹

"I know that any habit is hard to get out of; and that it is hard to indulge moderately in anything without going to excess. For these two reasons I have never started smoking. I have ample proof here at the University of Wisconsin that cigarettes are harmful, and that they do not help a fellow in any way. Since last October, when I entered the university, I have found only one fellow who sneered when I said, 'No, thank you, I don't smoke.' In the fraternity rushing I got in, and he was left out. Every girl that I have been intimate with has told me she was glad I didn't smoke. Many freshmen, in spite of their smoking, seem to get high standing, but when we look at the senior class, the best men do not smoke. Either they have cut it out, or they have dropped back in work."

"Tobacco does much to undermine the success of young men. Why? Because it is the entering wedge of two lines of dissipation, either of which may defeat success. The first line is the dissi-

pation of money for things unnecessary. The second line of dissipation is sense gratification. One uses tobacco partly because of its flavor and partly for the sedative action which it exerts upon the nervous system. It is just this sedative effect which steals away a young man's vigilance and alertness and handicaps him in the struggle for success. The use of tobacco paves the way to other dissipation by requiring a compensating stimulant to overcome its sedative effect and by making common, wholesome food taste insipid and flat. A vast majority of drunkards were smokers before they were drinkers. The mental attitude and lack of resistance which permits a man to smoke is likely also to permit other forms of dissipation more destructive in their influence. Though many professional men use tobacco, I have yet to hear the first one advise a young man or a boy to begin its use."

"Dr. Arthur Dumont Rush, instructor of physiology in the University of Vermont, puts groups of medical students through various smoking experiments. His conclusion is that smoking reduces the mental efficiency of the smoker 10.5 per cent. There is damage done to muscle and brain, he finds; but nicotine does not do it, because he cannot find any in cigar and pipe smoke (his results differ from those obtained by others in thus respect). Fifteen students, who had come from all classes and differed

considerably in physical characteristics, were chosen for the experiments. There was also an artificial smoking machine employed. The vapors were collected in receptacles and analyzed. Dr. Rush accepts the conclusions from experiments at Yale University that within half an hour after smoking a cigar the muscular power falls 25 per cent. He is chiefly concerned, however, with the effect on mental efficiency. All the instructor's subjects were requested not to smoke for several hours before beginning the test.

• "The first was the 'E' test, before and after smoking. Twelve lines of capital letters, closely placed, were presented, and the students were required to cross out all the E's. This is a test which has been given by Professor Muensterberg and others.

• "Another test requires the subject to say all the words which flow into his mind after a word is spoken to him which suggests a series. This is called the 'chain association.'

"One series of 120 tests on each of the 15 men, it is reported by Dr. Rush, shows that tobacco smoking produces 10.5 per cent decrease in efficiency of the brain. The greatest loss was in imagery, 22 per cent; so that the idea that smoke stimulates the fancy and that smoking makes the mind alert is not sustained by experiments."

"Out of our highest scholarship men only a very small per cent (about five) use tobacco, while of the men who do not get appointments, about 60 per cent are tobacco users. The kind of mind that permits its possessor to become addicted to a habit that is primarily offensive and deteriorating is the kind of mind that will be graded low on general intellectual tests."

"It is one of the enigmas of modern life that the average business man, the man who demands the highest degree of efficiency in every department of his business, be it factory, store, or office, should continue to use tobacco, knowing that it is one of the deadliest of poisons and one of the worst of all enemies of mental power. It is astonishing that his business sense, his genius for economy, should permit him to consume so much of his energy in a perfectly useless and harmful way. Any man who stops to study himself, who inquires into the means by which he can conserve his vital energy and increase his efficiency, discovers that the first thing to do is to raise the load off his liver and kidneys and other organs; he discovers, for instance, that the work which his lungs are required to do in eliminating nicotine is far more than all the work involved in the digestion of food and the performance of intellectual labor, and if he is a wise man, he will drop immediately the use of tobaccco."

"A man has not the shadow of a right to inflict unwholesome smoke and his vile breath on the community at large. There should be a strictly enforced law [Ed. Note: Example: Iowa's] prohibiting smoking and chewing in public places, or on the cars where other persons are obliged to be."

"No one has any right to flaunt his depravity and his depraving habit in public. No

one has a right to circulate on a street or elsewhere in public reeking with tobacco, much less puffing its smoke in the faces of others. Such bravados are becoming intolerably numerous. In business places, public offices, court houses, hotels everywhere, and restaurants, where free women and free men are obliged to go, it has become necessary to pass through an atmosphere vitiated by tobacco breaths and sputa. These are public outrages upon civilization that self-and-rights-of-others respecting men and women should no longer continue to endure meekly, as they have done in the past. The right of every one to pure air, unadulterated by tobacco or other deleterious odors, should be insisted upon by all clean people, forcefully if necessary."1

"It is selfish to intrude upon others a personal weakness or a .personal appetite. It is selfish to divert from family purposes to "soothing excited nerves" even the small amounts necessary to maintain the cigar or cigarette habit. It is selfish to run the risk of shortening one's life, of reducing ones earning capacity. Because the tobacco habit is selfish it is anti-social and a nuisance, and should be fought by social as well as personal weapons, as are other recognized nuisances, such as spitting in public or offensive manners."2

"The cause of cigarette smoking is that boys are very fond of imitating their elders.

"Smoking in public places ought to be discouraged. Every man, when he smokes in public, ought to think that he is encouraging some boy to smoke."

"Boys smoke cigarettes because grown men smoke tobacco in all kinds of ways. They are imitating their elders and superiors in their efforts to be manly and grown up, as they regard it. The college man's pipe and the business man's cigar are incentives to the boy's cigarette and his first chew of tobacco. The force of the man's example cannot be overestimated in the influences that lead the boy to smoke. He is bound to try in his way what he sees grown men do in their way. Men ought to remember this when they smoke.

Ed. Note: But cannot, due to their craving, brain damage, pre-Alzheimers, abulia, mental disorder, memory loss. Also note pusher fraud producing unawareness of the hazard smoking as constituting a disease tobacco-news-censorship widespread pro-tobacco disinformation the inability to comprehend if told pusher effectiveness against them, etc.

"They can endure the toxins in their mature bodies which will wreck the physical organism of the adolescent boy. It is very difficult to show the boy this fact, however; and he does to his lasting harm what the grown man may sometimes may do without serious peril. Every man who smokes ought to reckon with the force of his example in this respect and ask himself if he cannot afford to give up a personal habit that is weighted with such serious possibilities to boys."

"Now, the boys who are certain to be injured by any form of tobacco, invariably smoke in the worst way that they can—that is, smoke cigarettes. How is

the father going to stop it? We all know with what force the indorsement of a hair-tonic comes from a bald-headed barber. A man cannot expect to have any influence with his son when he advises him not to do the thing he himself is doing. Every man advises his son not to smoke until he reaches an age where tobacco will not hurt him, though he himself has probably heard lately from his doctor that there is no such age. Though tobacco will injure a boy more than a man, it will also injure the man at any time during his life.

"When the father goes on to advise the boy to begin his smoking on pipe and cigars when he is grown up, his position becomes puerile. For he knows very well that almost no one begins on anything but cigarettes. The father who fills his house with smoke has, in a threefold way, created an appetite for tobacco in his boy;

• "first, the boy has a disposition to smoke because his father does;

• "second, because he is curious; and

• "third, because his respiratory passages are already craving the excitation to which they have become accustomed.

"The smoking father, in forbidding his son to smoke, virtually drives him to sneak around the corner for a cigarette to experiment with on the sly."³

"Can it be supposed for a moment that in a home where tobacco fumes constantly permeate the rooms, such a powerful volatile poison would have no deleterious effect upon the mother and children who spend almost their entire time in such an atmosphere? Does it not seem reasonable that a

child reared from the cradle under such conditions should present symptoms of nicotine poisoning even though it has never become a victim of the habit?

Ed. Note: Poisoning symptoms can be instanteous, e.g., babies being killed by SIDS on contact with a tobacco clouds/plumes floating in the air, or, years later, e.g., lung cancer. Timing of death, fast or slow, is still pusher-murder.

But how few boys, when the husband and father is addicted to its use, escape the injurious habit? When we remember with what pride the boy looks upon his papa, and what interest he takes in a recital of the daily details of the parent's life—all of which proves to him that no other boy has such a father—it is reasonable to expect that he would be eager to follow his example even in this harmful practice. Too often the practice of smoking is taken up during the impressionable years of childhood and youth, with the result that the brain faculties never fully develop."

"Further investigation elicited the fact that the boy's father was an inveterate smoker, and when at home kept the room saturated with tobacco fumes. The boy never touched the weed. But who can be surprised that the sensitive organism of the child, constantly absorbing such an atmosphere, succumbed to it? And who can estimate the multitude of children whose cheeks are blanched and whose bodies are frail, because of their father's indulgence in the poisonous weed?"

"I have seen many a boy and man, by nature courteous and thoughtful, who would never think of doing an ungentlemanly or rude thing intentionally, guilty nevertheless of the most heedless discourtesy and rudeness in the use of tobacco. Every morning as I get off the suburban train in the railway station, and walk down the crowded platform, I see both men and women dodging to one side or the other in order to escape the necessity of inhaling a cloud of tobacco smoke blown by a smoker into the face of any one whom he was confronting; but who, with no thought whatever of the interests or feelings of others, pollutes the air which they have to breathe. Many a fine-natured boy and man has been made coarse and boorish in this one regard of ignoring the sensibilities of others in the indulgence of this habit."⁴

[Ed. Note: Due to smokers' brain damage, this educational approach failed, and cannot do other than fail. Real solutions involve passing the 1897 Iowa law everywhere; and immediately prosecuting the pushers for the deaths they have caused.]

"There can be properly-healthful manhood, and properly-true and sure progress, only as mankind is fed on the plainest most wholesome foods, and the purest water; and the entire life, and action, strictly governed along the line of what is for the best. Poverty, misery, crime, and all the horde of other evils now existing, can be banished only by giving children their proper heritage of sound health, and rearing them along this reasonable, most important, and obligatory line of sanity.¹

"The editor of the London Clarion, England, relating his own experience, said:

'I was a heavy smoker for more than thirty years. I have often smoked as much as two ounces of tobacco in a day. I don't suppose I have smoked less than eight ounces a week for a quarter of a century. If there was one thing in life I feared my will was too weak to conquer, it was the habit of smoking. Well, I have been a vegetarian for eight weeks and find that my passion for tobacco is weakening. I cannot smoke those pipes now. I have to get new pipes and milder tobacco, and am not smoking half an ounce a day. It does not taste the same.'

"This is a testimony of value, since in taking up this diet he had no intention whatever of giving up the use of tobacco. While writing the above I received the following unsolicited testimonial from a former patient

who has been addicted to both tobacco and strong drink for many years. His health being ruined, he found it necessary to apply for medical aid. He said:

'It seems wonderful to me, I have now no craving for tobacco or drink, and I also find that I have no need of drugs and patent medicine. I am enjoying excellent health. I must thank you for the kind help you have given me.'"

"A most important factor, which may either deter or favor the formation of the tobaco habit, is the food furnished in the home. Irritating and highly seasoned foods produce irritability of the stomach and mind; and in consequence a desire is created for some nerve soother. Condiments such as pepper, mustard, spices, and a large amount of salt all produce irritability of the stomach, and this in turn creates a demand for narcotics. Rich foods do the same, also greasy foods, for the free fats usually undergo decomposition and produce irritating acids. A wise mother will strive to prepare for her family foods which are non-stimulating and non-irritating, and yet so attractive and palatable that they will he relished by all. Good sweetbread and cereals, fresh vegetables, sweet new milk and eggs, fresh fruit, or canned fruit. and so forth, make a non-stimulating diet which will not create a craving for either drink or tobacco. Since agreeable home life and wisely prepared foods act as preventives of the tobacco habit, the intelligent wife and mother can do much to aid husband or son in the

endeavor to give up the habit. Suitable non-stimulating beverages should replace tea, coffee, and cocoa. Nicely prepared meat substitutes should take the place of flesh food. The use of fruits should be encouraged. The one who can be induced to eat freely of fruits soon loses his desire for tobacco."

"The intolerable craving for the after-dinner cigar is largely introduced by the juicy beef steak, highly spiced food, and tea and coffee that compose the meal.

Ed. Note: Smokers are disproportionately in denial, blame other factors than smoking. Dr. Kress, though commendably now anti-smoking, was an ex-smoker, and somewhat unwilling to cite tobacco-induced brain damage as per its leading to craving and withdrawal symptoms.

"Hence he who wants to be delivered from the tobacco habit should religiously avoid for a time at least, such articles of food as produces a craving for tobacco.

"Why do men use tobacco? There certainly is nothing agreeable in it to the taste. It is repelled by the entire organism, and necessitates considerable perseverance to form the habit. There must be some cause or causes for its prevalent use. I am convinced that it is used for the same reason that alcohol is, because of its narcotic effect.

Ed. Note: Actually, smoking leads to alcoholism, o/a 90%.

"Dietetic errors often pave the way to the use of tobacco. Being a narcotic, it allays the disagreeable symptoms arising from indigestion and dyspepsia. When the stomach and nerves are irritated by the use of mustard, pepper, spices, pickles, and incompletely masticated food, or by improper combinations which result in fermentation, tobacco, being a narcotic, is capable of producing partial anesthesia, and thus it affords relief from the disagreeable symptoms associated with the irritation; but being an irritant itself, when the narcotic influence has worn off, the aggravated condition created by its use makes a still louder

call for something that will again produce a partial state of anesthesia. This something may be found in tobacco, or it may be found in alcohol. For this reason tobacco and alcohol are intimately associated. Where one is, the other is apt to be found, for one naturally leads to the use of the other.

"I have found that a diet free from unnatural irritants will always result in a decrease in the desire for both tobacco and alcohol. I have never yet discovered a drunkard or an inebriate who was not passionately fond of spicy, highly seasoned foods and also of flesh foods.

Ed. Note: The average age of smoking onset is 12. Next in sequence, alcohol follows, average age 12.6; then marijuana, average age 14. See, e.g., DHEW National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Research on Smoking Behavior, Research Monograph 17, Publication ADM 78-581, p vi (Dec 1977); DuPont, Teen Drug Use, 102 J Pediatrics 1003-1007 (June 1983); Fleming, et al., Cigarettes' Role in The Initiation And Progression Of Early Substance Use, 14 Addictive Behaviors 261-272 (1989); and DHHS, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: Surgeon General Report (1994). Dr. Kress, ex-smoker, reverses the matter. Actually, the dietary aspect is a result of tobacco toxic chemicals impairing the senses of taste and smell.

"I have no doubt that one reason why these habits are so common is because dietetic errors are common.

"Several years ago the president of a city railway who was suffering from ulceration of the stomach came under my care for treatment. I soon ascertained that he was an inveterate user of tobacco. No doubt the symptoms accompanying the gastric irritation, which finally resulted in ulceration, called for the relief which tobacco furnished. He promised faithfully that he would give up its use. From the time he first began his treatment, his diet was simple and non-irritating. At the end of six weeks, he called at my office and said:

'Doctor, I have just returned from the city. On the way I passed a man smoking a cigar, and the smoke was actually offensive to me. I never thought such a thing possible.'

His firm will and determination, combined with the aid received by a carefully prescribed diet, made it comparatively easy for him to give up its use.

"Another case was that of a patient who came to me suffering from chronic

dyspepsia of most distressing form, and who after two months' treatment completely regained his health, affirming that he could not smoke if he would.

"Still another who was weak in will power, after a day's trial, concluded he would make no further attempt to abandon its use. He however continued to subsist upon a diet of grains, fruits, and vegetables, which I prescribed, in order to get rid of rheumatism. Six months later, in relating his experience, he said,

'I gradually and unconsciously lost my relish for tobacco. At first I thought there was something the matter with the brand I was using, so I purchased another. But that tasted no better. I tried still another with similar results. It then dawned upon me that I had lost my craving for it.'

For over three years he has used no tobacco, and probabilities are that he never will again."

[Ed. Note: See Ed. Note, p 44, supra]

"Prevention is the only practical solution of the cigarette or boy-smoking question. Bovs take up to the practice in innocence. Just for fun, and are usually its victims before the matter is detected by their parents. Any normal, healthy boy will learn to smoke if thrown among young smokers without any caution

or restraint from those in authority over him. After parents discover the fault there is often a pathetic struggle, perhaps attended by many maternal tears, and then a compromise. That is, the boy tries in vain to quit and finally agrees to compromise on a pipe. But he will likely violate every rule of good conduct ever taught him by his parents before he will give up the habit entirely. But parents must learn more about the nature of this insidious habit and prevent its being taken up. The following methods of prevention are reported effective:

"(1) Begin to talk to the boy as early as his sixth or seventh year about the matter and make a strong appeal to his sense of honor. Do not be too insistent and threaten to inflict punishment, but indicate rather that you think him too worthy to take up such a practice.

"(2) Offer to set aside some material or pecuniary reward to be paid when he becomes of age, provided he continues his total abstinence, and add to his sentiment that he may then do as he pleases. Never ask the boy to pledge away in advance the years of his manhood.

"(3) Remind the boy in every possible way' how much concern you have for his well being, how much you are willing to sacrifice for him, and how anxious you are to be true to him and to help him. He will then likely never break faith with you.

"(4) Keep in touch with the boy and know at all times his joys and hopes and aspirations. Be his companion and adviser and true friend, and he will respect your wishes in regard to him."¹

She says in part:

"The only sure way of preventing cigarette smoking in the high school is to begin in the first primary grade to teach the boy with other laws of health, simple physiological reasons adapted to his capacity that show why he should not smoke, and continue this instruction as a more progressive study with new matter which gives each year more of the physiological reasons for abstinence from tobacco in all forms as well as for the observance of other hygienic laws.

"If this study is thus properly graded, it will be a progressive development and not a repetition and will send the boy to the high school, having been too well informed from the first to dull his brain or to limit his future possibilities by nicotine. The public school study of hygiene and temperance, which includes warning instructions as to the nature of tobacco and its effects upon the human system, is legally engrafted upon the public school system of this entire nation. This legislation began quite generally to go into force about fifteen years ago [1900].

"If, during this time, school committees, school boards, trustees, and school superintendents had more generally made a place in the school curriculum for enough well graded lessons to cover the subject, say twenty per year in the primary and thirty per year in the grammar and first year of the high school, with good books in the hands of the pupils who have books in other studies, there would be fewer cigarette smokers to-day. To limit this instruction to the high grades is to wait until the mischief is begun. We cannot undo this wrong to the children in the past, but inno-

cent faces of the little ones in the primary grades appeal to us against the repeating of it in the future."

"This was plain talk, and it had an immediate effect. Within a few months it was estimated by the marshal of the town that seventy-five per cent of the cigarette smoking by boys had stopped, and the moral and industrial condition of the school was wonderfully improved. What had been called the worst school in the country was spoken of as doing good work. The school board raised the salary of the teachers and

principals twenty-five percent. The people were pleased, and the improved condition of the boys was noticeable in their language, dress, manners, efficiency, and in their moral tone."

"From the attempt to get at the psychological causes of smoking, we have come upon an inkling or two for its prevention. The cure must be chiefly prophylactic or preventive. If imitation is the chief cause for beginning the practice among boys, then example should be eliminated as far as possible. If men did not smoke, boys would not. All the appeals and all the legislation possible, therefore, which would suppress the open and overt uses of tobacco are good [Ed. Note: e.g., Iowa's model law]. Herein women can play an important part by the rigorous exclusion, for the sake of their young sons, of smoking from their own presence and from the society which they control."

"A movement of more than passing importance has been started in Kansas by the young women who have organized into a 'Good Habits Club,' the purpose of which is to decline the attention of any young men who drink, smoke, gamble, or use profane language. Reports come that in communities in other States the young ladies have adopted the program, and that already the effect is seen in a lessened indulgence in these needless and harmful vices. The young women must come to realize that they are a prime factor in the moral character of the young men.

"The formation of one or more of these tabooed habits comes synchronously with a special regard for the opposite sex. As long as a young man is given to understand that his indulgence therein need in no way damage the favorable opinion of young women in general and one in particular, he will be inclined to persist therein. It is with the lessening moral sense of the young womanhood as much as with the willfulness of young men that responsibility must rest for the growing indulgence in the habits above mentioned.

"The young woman who permits a young man to blow cigarette smoke in her face without objecting or listens to conversation tinged with profanity without registering a protest is hardly the sort of woman to undertake the lifework of conserving and culturing the moral character of a young man. The great majority of young men who to-day indulge in one or the other of these vices would cease to-morrow were such an edict to go from resolute young womanhood. Such an agreement adhered to would be the best insurance policy imaginable. May the 'Good Habits Clubs' spread all over the country."

"Reforms must be made by fathers and teachers who say in all their habits of life to those who look to them as examples, 'Follow me.' When this is done our educational and legislative [Ed. Note: e.g., Iowa's] efforts will be consistent and will appeal to the youth."

"Some time no one will be permitted to teach in public schools or in normal schools or colleges who indulges in smoking. . . . In Wisconsin, a movement has been inaugurated to discountenance smoking on the part of all persons, teachers or pupils, connected with high schools."

"I wrote to the clerk of the school board of each high-school town and city in the State, asking these two questions:

• 1. If you were now electing a superintendent, would a candidate's use of tobacco tend to discredit him with the board?

• 2. Would it be a conclusive objection to him?

"I have received 123 replies.

• Of these, 80, or nearly two out of three, answered "yes" to both questions; it would tend to discredit him with the board, and it would be a conclusive objection to him.

• Only 18, 1-7, answered "no" to both questions.

• The rest answered "yes" to the first and "no" to the second, or in the case of three or four, were non-committal.

"Now that means that when the grand annual hustle of rearrangement and promotion takes place next spring, at only one place in three will the superintendent who smokes, even in moderation and seclusion—at only one place in three will he be considered at all; and only at one place in seven will he be considered on an equal footing with the other candidates."

"Minnesota teachers might get after the college professors who use tobacco; and after the

college or university whose atmosphere is reeking with tobacco smoke."

"For the nervous boy nothing in the world is better than a variety of health, invigorating, fresh air, out-door, physically-fatiguing exercises. When such a boy, or any other boy, is given the five or six necessities of life like fresh air, a variety of well cooked, nourishing food, and abundance of clear, clean, water inside and out, eight hours of refreshing sleep, and plenty of play, he will almost certainly acquire such a physical, intellectual, and moral wholesomeness that his diseases and abnormal craving will disappear of themselves."

"People of all ages and both sexes in increasing numbers are becoming devotees of the paper pipe. But it is among the youth that its blasting and blighting effects are most evident. No agency to-day is more productive of ills to mankind than the white robed, innocent-looking little cigarette. Striking as it does at the very fountain of life in the youth of the nation, the use of cigarettes is rapidly undermining American health and morals.

"Being a commercialized vice, the young, the weak, the unwary are the easy prey of blood-thirsty and conscienceless despoilers who are coining easy millions by the manufacture of cigarettes.

"The fight on the cigaret requires the rallying of all the forces of righteousness, and the Anti-Cigarette League of America is hereby issuing its call for a million recruits. A very simple plan of organization has been worked out, which it is believed will commend itself to all who are earnestly desirous of giving help. This plan is based on a pledged membership. A small fee is asked to help finance the stupendous undertaking of recruiting a million members in the immediate future."

• squanders resources,

• destroys health,

• depraves morals,

• blights manhood,

• makes paupers of laboring men,

• robs families,

• and is guilty of other offenses quite as evil.

"The Chinese have their opium joints and the American his clubhouse, where both absent themselves from the free intercourse with the world for a like reason; one to narcotize himself with opium, the other with tobacco."

• general debility,

• indigestion,

• insanity,

• deafness,

• general nervous derangement,

• blood poisoning,

• heart disease,

• arterial deterioration,

• cancer, and

• many other diseases.

• Bright's disease,

• apoplexy,

• tuberculosis,

• other infectious diseases,

• and many more pathologic condi-

[Ed Note: See the abolitionist answer, re the typical Southern origin, the state of mind involved.]